Consideration and Intention to Create Legal Relation Essay

Thought and Intention to Create Legal Relation - Essay Example This is an instance of acknowledgment by direct. Acknowledgment need not really be recorded as a hard copy. On account of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball1, Miss Carlill showed her acknowledgment of the proposal by buying the smoke ball Another issue for assurance is whether there was the goal by the gatherings to make a legitimately restricting relationship. We will get to the issue of promissory estoppels to get to the presence of lawful connection between the gatherings. In England and Wales, Lord Denning deciphered promissory estoppels to be a guarantee that hosted been made by one gathering to another with the expectation of making lawful relations2. The guarantee ought to be made with information that it will be depended on by the other party. In the occasion case, the bank drew nearer Bubba with a guarantee to change the terms in the agreement on how the credit was to be reimbursed following Bubba’s money related emergency. This guarantee was depended on by Bubba. The bank will in this manner not be permitted to return from its guarantee. This is essentially attributable to the way that it had been followed up on by the beneficiary. Subsequent to understanding that Bubba’s fortune had turned, the proposition to Bubba to return to the old arrangement of installment established a proposal to Bubba which he was qualified for acknowledge or dismiss. The bank presently requests that Bubba should pay the singular amount for eight months just as reimburse the credit inside a time of three years according to the prior understanding. The previous understanding had been renounced upon the foundation of new terms by the bank that was acknowledged by Bubba. The realities in the high trees case, included a circumstance toward the start of Second World War where High Trees House had rented some level in London from Central property. Because of the war, inhabitance rates radically went down. The gatherings along these lines settled on a consent to chop down the lease that was payable considerably. At the point when the circumstance pivoted after the war, Central London property sued for the full lease. The court held that they were qualified for full installment of lease. Be that as it may, they couldn't recoup the sum that they had consented to chop down the lease by during the time of war Lord Denning based his choice in the past case3 which held that if involved with an agreement drives someone else to accept that they won't authorize their lawful rights, they can't return from this guarantee, particularly if the other party had acknowledged the guarantee and adjusted his situation in dependence on the guarantee. On account of Smith v. Hughes4, the court held that for there to be a substantial agreement, there must be a gathering of the brains of two gatherings who plan to be lawfully bound. For there to meet of the psyches, offeree must impart his acknowledgment of the proposal to the offeror. It isn't fundamental that acknowledgme nt ought to be imparted verbally. It can in certain circumstances be induced from the direct of the gatherings. The court on account of Brodgen v. Metropolitan Railway Company5 held that acknowledgment can be gathered from the direct. For this situation the offended party had been providing the organization with coals for some of years. The offended party from that point concocted a proposal that they expected to go into a conventional agreement. Their individual operators met and occupied with certain dealings on the best understanding that they needed to go into. The company’s specialist at that point drew up the agreement which he sent to the offended party for endorsement. The court held that the company’s acknowledgment could be surmised from its lead. By

Revenue Management and Evaluate the Strategies

Question: Talk about the Revenue Management and Evaluate the Strategies. Answer: Presentation The income the board methodologies are those procedures which are created and chosen by the executives for winning income and development of the association. These systems center around the exhibition of the organization and desires for clients from the organization. The techniques can be of various sorts having their different destinations. Each system applied to serve various gatherings of clients with various desire for them having differing destinations. For example, Market Segmentation which fundamentally helps in knowing the motivation behind an inn, Historical Booking variety which appears for what reason inn was utilized according to singular booking or when its empty, Demand Forecast for the estimate of utilization of the lodging and Unrestricted Demand, which essentially alludes to the interest of the inn without having save limit. Organization/Organization The organization, which is getting looked at is Sydney Harbor Marriott Hotel at Circular Quay, a chain of Marriott Hotels present around the world. The lodging is arranged close to prestigious areas of Sydney, for example, a drama house and Harbor Bridge. These areas are well known as traveler goals and pull in numerous visitors from various nations. It is close to these noticeable areas which can assist the travelers with visiting these spots all alone and oversee by strolling a couple of miles. Including these goals inside reach gives office of various experience shopping on Pitt Street. There are different points of interest too, which is accessible inside the lodging, for example, keen rooms, extravagance offices, wellness focus, indoor pool, Harbor view and eating. This 15000 sq ft adaptable inn gives each office the best of client. Income Management Strategy: Meaning Role The Revenue Management Strategy alludes to the system of overseeing income for development of the association. This system originates from the methods of income the executives, which are known as yield the board. The reason for utilizing this procedure is to foresee purchaser request with managing stock and value accessibility so as to upgrade the yield development. It is arranging and settling on the things ahead of time instead of specified time limit. This methodology keeps the administration proactive than non-responsive. This helps the administration and chief in gathering the informations about the assets and market assets which keeps them proactive instead of non-responsive. The system serves the need of association by choosing ahead of time, what ought to be the cost during low or high periods. This idea is fundamentally separated into three methodologies Market Segmentation, Procedure and Forecasting. It incorporates further factors which are taken into due-thought while mak ing the income the board system is appeared in the beneath figure. These days, it is utilized by each industry and associations in assessing their present techniques with their objective. This system is analyzed with pertinence to lodging the board that for what purposes and where it is utilized. In lodging the board, income the board systems are made by assessing: Clients Evaluating History or foundation Rivalry Channel Analysis Occasions These elements are considered in making any sort of income the board procedure. Any procedure begins with the job of dealing with all the systems or as such individual who assumed responsibility from activity to accomplish a point. The supervisor is basically required for setting income the executives procedure that is going to put. With the assistance of the trough, various systems will convey conversations with another gathering of individuals in the board on various methods of income the board that are: Market Segmentation This piece of lodging income the board help in choosing the specific market or it helps in the objective market. This division partitions the reason for what to be utilized that is recreation or authority. In the wake of concluding the reason, the method of picking a client visit as an excursion or business chose by means of room booking. In the event that room reserved for individual in the week than it is for the business or on the off chance that in the end of the week for a twofold room, at that point its for relaxation. This division is served in distinguishing: Complete income per room per customer, Booking abrogation rate, Number of days remain, Advance booking length. With the assistance of the above ID ways, there are littler methods of knowing client inclinations of booking or coming into the inn. (INc., 2016). Authentic Booking Authentic booking alludes to booking of lodging yearly in various seasons. The recorded booking helps in realizing the clients coming in various climates that is in summer or winter. The reasons of not agreeable by the clients ought to be clarified by social affair the information. The information speak to what is influencing the deals of inn that can cost or some other reasons. This aides in choosing assets required or things should be dealt with, so any negative impact can be kept away from. Unlimited Demand Unlimited interest alludes to the circumstance when request surpasses the gracefully of clients. At the end of the day, request of lodging is at such rate that surpasses the accessibility of the inn. This circumstance happens at top time when visitors are on get-aways at a more significant level than typical. This compelled assist trough with knowing the rate at which the keep going room was given on the recorded date with the quantity of remain. From the contenders, it can know when they are completely saved or selling at rates that can influence the lodging inhabitance (Weaver, 2007). This aides in assessment of inhabitance rate when it is under or past 100%. Self Comparing The lodging should self-contrast itself and what are they furnishing with the expense apportioned. There ought not be any contrast among cost and nature of merchandise gave by the lodging. Any negative separation can influence the picture of inn by contrasting and different lodgings. Division Strategies The Segmentation systems allude to methodologies that are made by isolating the market into various heads or fragments. The sections contain various methodologies by making sub-divisions of the market or populace that are: These heads are for considering sub-divisions of market focused for inn income procedure. As clarified further, Firstly, the Geographic Segment alludes to the fragment what considers the area of the inn or its environmental factors that go about as bit of leeway by giving area close by liked. As the Sydney Harbor Marriott inn is at round quay that is encircled with most celebrated traveler goals realized worldwide that are Harbor Bridge, Sydney Opera House, Harbor Beach or Pitt Street and the sky is the limit from there (Lorette, 2015). There is strolling separation between this spots and lodging that include reward point for inclination of inn. Also, the Demographic Segment is the fragment that partitions advertise into various parts are sex, age, pay, family status that is single or hitched, society bunches that can be activists or college gathering. With the assistance of recorded information, chief check what age gathering or family been to inn at what measure of remain with their motivation of visit. This can assist them with choosing advancements for additional enhancements in urging visitors to individuals. It can likewise help in choosing their assets for eating that can fill in as additional point (WIT Team, 2016). Thirdly, the Behavioral Segment will be portion which focuses on the conduct of clients who been to the inn or outside by asking their inclinations. This can help in seeing needs of customer by realizing their conduct in regards to items they utilized. Chief ought to choose ahead of time what items to give at cost or complimentary gifts by social occasion data about fulfillment they get. For instance, in the chains of Marriott lodging as hair dryer is allowed to utilize. Similarly same some extra eatables like either bread rolls, two cup of tea or breakfast is without given of cost. These portion fill in as the client based understanding and ace dynamic methodology by gathering data of outside and past in-house inn experiences(Hanlon, 2013). These can be accomplished by the method of questionarrie and criticism during post sightseers/visitors remain. Contender Analysis Contender Analysis alludes to the comprehension and evaluation by contrasting in-house and contenders customer base and administrations of the lodging. The reason for this examination is to know the distinction where inn is deficient in offering types of assistance to the clients and where does the lodging stand in the market. This can be improved with the assistance of systems referenced previously. There ought to be thought of correlation between the special offers, evaluating methodology, promoting exercises and client input on long range interpersonal communication locales too. These can help in contending with different inns by improving things and systems appropriately. Request Forecasting Request anticipating is the estimating of interest of existing deals of the association. Determining alludes to the expectation of things to come, in view of the data identified with verifiable information and developing/declining request of the association. It helps in inn business by arranging expected inhabitance rate when contrasted with the past records or the data assembled. This is valuable for lodging business as they are delicate to the circumstances and any sudden situation can prompted decrease sought after. There are various methodologies according to creator Joel Dean for anticipating of interest for lodging, which is: Development Curve Approach Under this, the pace of development and fit interest for the inn is guage with the data of past records. With the assistance of this, inhabitance rate can be normal from the past data which may help in settling the cost of room as indicated by purposes (Nitisha, 2015). Assessment of public sentiment Approach This methodology helps in estimating by knowing the assessment of clients

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #11 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 â€" Entry #11 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I continue to be amazed by the photos submitted by incoming students.   They are fabulous and I would love to continue to post pictures all the way up to Orientation.   So dig through your archives you incoming students and send us your pictures as described here. __________________________ The first photos were submitted by Jennifer Wilmore, an incoming MIA student. __________________________ Mursi Boy This photo was taken in 2009 near a Mursi village in the Omo valley of southwestern Ethiopia.   Just as I was leaving, the boy in the foreground asked me to take his picture.   I think it turned out to be an interesting shot because beyond the boys face in the mirror you can also see the reflection of a woman whose lower lip is cut in order to wear the pottery lip-plate characteristic of Mursi women. Boys in Window This photo was taken in 2008 during play time at a primary school in the Pallisa district of northeastern Uganda. Me in Kichwamba My friend took this photo of me in 2009 during a visit to a primary school in the village of Kichwamba in the mountains of western Uganda. ___________________________ The second set of pictures was submitted by Fabian Suwanprateep, see below for details on degree program. ___________________________ Attached three pictures which I have taken during my internship with the UN World Food Programme in 2007/2008 in Madagascar.   I am German-Thai dual degree student from the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and I am will do my MIA at SIPA. Little boy: in Madagascars capital Antananarivo, malnourished children receive food aid in a supplementary feeding center. Group of villagers: In Manakara, a group of people who participate in the Food for Work project are gathering at a food distribution side to receive their rations. Old Couple: I took this picture in Tangainony, at the South East coast of Madagascar. The people in this remote town are facing tuberculosis and leprosy. Supplementary to government sponsored medical treatment, WFP is providing them with food aid.

Taking a Look at Relational Databases - 640 Words

Relational databases are the most prevalent in today’s database needs for numerous different applications. These databases go by specific rules and adding in a lot of different attributes involves complexity to the system. Especially in the web applications, it gets harder for the relational databases to handle the capacities and possibilities. The web domain thus, becomes the main motivator for NoSQL. Some of the challenges faced by relational databases were the mismatch that resulted when transforming graphs into tables. On the other hand, when a database was needed only for simples tasks like logging, the relational database had too much more than what was required. Web applications have many different types of attributes which does not fit easily into a relational database, which makes it a burden to handle. For example, videos, text and source code are different types of attributes from the web, which have to be stored in various tables if relational databases are used, because of its strict schema. Qualities like these, make RDBMS, a not-so-wise choice to handle blogs and other web applications. The massive data that has to be taken care of in web applications complicates data handling for famous webpages like Amazon, Google and Facebook. Factors like trillions and trillions of read and write requests which needs to be responded with minimal or no latency, leads these organiz ations to maintain their own hardware in clusters of thousands. The â€Å"One solution for all† isShow MoreRelatedRelational Database : A Database1622 Words   |  7 Pages Relational Database Introduction – What is a relational database It is a database which shows the links and relationships between two sets of data/stored information in a document or mainly entities. This means e.g. if a computer system has to store a lot of data/information about people instead of repeating the same row of information which may include personal or unnecessary things, you will then be able to click on the main primary key data which then leads to the actual personal things. ThisRead MoreRelational Databases For An Efficient Data Management And Retrieval Of Data1032 Words   |  5 Pagesan issue due to the growing need in business and academia. To resolve these issues a number of databases models have been created. Relational databases allow data storage, retrieval and manipulation using a standard Structured Query Language (SQL). Until now, relational databases were an optimal enterprise storage choice. However, with an increase in growth of stored and analyzed data, relational databases have displayed a variety of limitations. T he limitations of scalability, storage and efficiencyRead MoreWhat is the Purpose of a Database Management System?1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to explain what a Database Management System (DBMS) is, the main principles of database design and to describe the features or characteristics of four prevalent database models. What is a DBMS? A database management system could be described as a file processing system that creates and administers data and or objects as information for the purpose of access and storage in a convenient way. Many types of programs have been written to add and extract information fromRead MoreDatabase Administrators1638 Words   |  7 Pages1 Introduction Database is any collection of data or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval, modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations. A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storageRead MoreMongodb : The Most Prominent Nosql Database Framework1236 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION MongoDB is one of numerous cross-stage archive situated databases. Named a NoSQL database, MongoDB shuns the customary table-based social database structure for JSON-like archives with element constructions (MongoDB calls the organization BSON), making the combination of information in specific sorts of utilizations less demanding and quicker. Discharged under a mix of the GNU Affero General Public License and the Apache License, MongoDB is free and open-source programming. InitiallyRead MoreLiterature Review1352 Words   |  5 Pagesrepeat the information, the data is often different depending on the tool accessed. In all likelihood, initial programming was done incorrectly, resulting in an inaccurate harvest of the data. Literature Review - The Literature Review will focus on database management, data mining, and correlation of appropriate data sets within a networked environment. Bardoliwalla, N. (December 1, 2009). The Top 10 Trends for 2010 in Analytics, Business Intelligence, and Performance Management. Enterprise IrregularsRead MoreNotes On Database Management Systems Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pages Enhancement in Database Management Systems By: - Nipun Jain Computer science department Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, Haryana, India Abstract This paper is based on the database systems. And will result in providing the whole new information about that. Basically, database systems are the computer applications which interacts with the user and help in maintainingRead MoreRelational Database : Assignment : Database1882 Words   |  8 PagesRelational Database – Assignment Introduction – What is a relational database It is a database which shows the links and relationships between two sets of data/stored information in a document or mainly entities. This means e.g. if a computer system has to store a lot of data/information about people instead of repeating the same row of information which may include personal or unnecessary things, you will then be able to click on the main primary key data which then leads to the actual personalRead MoreImplementing A Dbms System Within Any Organization Large Or Small Requires Proper Planning1318 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Implementing a DBMS system within any organization large or small requires proper planning, analyzing files and shared drives and a knowledgeable DBA (Database Administrator, in-depth knowledge of DBMS architecture. Using a DBMS to store and manage data comes with advantages, but also overhead. One of the biggest advantages of using a DBMS is that it lets end users and application programmers access and use the same data while managing data integrity. Data is better protected and maintainedRead MoreWalmart s Brazilian Ecommerce Group1173 Words   |  5 PagesBig Data knowledge-empire. An important tool in achieving that has become the Neo4j database. Walmart’s Brazilian eCommerce group chose Neo4j to help Walmart understand the behavior and preferences of these online buyers with enough speed and in enough depth to make realtime, personalized, ‘you may also like’ recommendations, a proven way to maximize revenue. Challenges: As Marcos explained: â€Å"A relational database wasn’t satisfying our requirements about performance and simplicity, due the complexity

Water Shortages in China Problems and Solutions Essays

Many people know that water is essential for human-being and it is not only valuable for health and life, but water is also important for industry and agriculture. Furthermore, use of water has a spiritual, cultural and recreational dimension. However, water resources are not infinite. Wide and inefficient use of water resources can lead to irreversible consequences, such as water shortage. This essay will firstly discuss the problem of water shortage on examples of developed and developing countries and include the diversification of the same issue in the different parts of the world. It will also identify causes and effects of this environmental problem on society and other spheres of life. Moreover, in this essay I am going to propose†¦show more content†¦According to McHarg et al. eds. (2010), in the last three decades world governments used to shed the burden of capital investment, especially in sphere of water, through privatization in order to achieve more efficiency of water supplies. This approach was developed deeply in European countries such as England, which is already famous for it’s the most highly regulated water companies. This method also enables the company to concentrate on the service, management and funding of the service, whereas the local government provides water services in developing countries and cannot afford investments in large hydraulic infrastructure. Those are the â€Å"Third World† countries and the most of them are Asian. However, I want to make a significant accent on one of the industrious world’s empires – China. According to history of China, water consumption, growing population and demand for higher living standards were increasing steadily since the 1950s, when industrial development of the country started. In theory that could lead to new economic era and growth of the country, but in practice that caused one of the most important environmental problems in China. First of all, the pollution of water resources in this country goes deep into history in the 1970s. According to Wang (1989), the situation hasn’t changed for the better and the rate of pollution increased rapidly. Even nowadays the government of China cannot tackleShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Global Water Shortage1260 Words   |  6 Pages One of the biggest problems in the world is water scarcity. Almost all countries suffer from it and many of them cannot find the most effective solution to avoid this difficulty. The meaning of the world water crisis is very easy to understand, but solving it is very difficu lt. The amount of world water is limited, as the population is growing fast; the necessity of water use is growing even faster. This essay will examine the water crisis specifically in China, because it is the countryRead MoreThe Water Shortage in China Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesWater shortage is a growing problem for most countries in the world. For China, which has 20% of world’s population and only 7% of available water resources, this problem may become catastrophic (Hofstedt 2010, 72). Therefore some actions and measures should be performed to avoid or at least to weaken future water crisis in China. In this work the following three solutions will be proposed and analyzed in terms of efficiency and applicability: water usage efficiency improvement; adopting the localRead MoreChinas Water Shortage1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe Problem China is a region that has experience substantial growth over the years in areas of industry, living standards, and population. But this success has resulted in the depletion of one of the greatest natural resources water. Industrial growth means an increase demand for water used in production processes and much of the water being used is not being reclaimed. A higher living standard means a greater demand for electricity that is lowering water levels in rivers used for generation. TheRead MoreIs China A Water Solution?914 Words   |  4 PagesChina has faced this water crisis for decades yet have not anything extremely effective to combat the turmoil as a result of a corrupt government, political issues and lack of money in cities needing help the most. The state have made evident effort to combat water shortages yet limited efforts have been made to improve their water quality, consequently resulting in the water pollution worsening. The Chinese government, to reduce the amount of toxic waste and sewage polluting drinking sources, hasRead MoreWater Shortage in India: Problems and Solutions976 Words   |  4 PagesWater is an integral part of not only human beings but all other creatures in the world. We use it every day for different purposes such as domestic, agricultural and industrial. Water has always been a prestigious resource. However, the majority of people do not appraise water’s worth since they do not face water scarcity; whereas, in third world countries it is one of the most serious problems. Nearly 2.4 billion people have a lack of water resources in the world, shows the investigation done byRead MoreEnvironment Issues Are Destructive Effect From Human Activity On The Nature1288 Words   |  6 Pagespressure when government solving these problems. Earth s environment is an important factor in the survival of mankind and environmental issues that affect human life. Therefore, Protecting the environment is human responsibility. And Equal protection of the environment to protect ourselves. Global warming, shortage resources and ocean pollution are major environment issues and pressure around the world. The number of reasons and influence of these environment problems and pressures will be given. GlobalRead MoreEffects Of Climate Change On China1494 Words   |  6 PagesIn addition, not only does Beijing face water scarcity due to an increase in water demand and water pollution, but climate change also affects the access to water. Climate change can have impacts on the availability and quality of water due to â€Å"altering precipitation patterns, increasing the intensity of extreme events, raising water temperatures, and accelerating the melting of snow and glaciers† (Pitt, 2000, p. 87). Although the country of China can be known as one of the major emitters of greenRead MoreGovernment s Plan Of Action1501 Words   |  7 Pagesat home with the air conditioning on rather than having activities outdoors. Currently, China is the major consumer of electricity because of the huge population and industrial demand. However, the electricity produced in this country is not enough to supply its needs (Global Energy). The economic progress could not pursue if there is insuffi cient amount of energy that any country could use. Electricity shortage can happen if the available supply in an area cannot meet its demand. If this situationRead MoreBenefits Of Water Conservation Policies1390 Words   |  6 PagesHurts Period 6 9/23/16 Mrs. Hurts What is harming life â€Å"water† ? The major resource in the world â€Å"Water† for most people meaning life which created all living things that exist; has come to a point of scarcity. Imagine living in world where the most needed resource â€Å"water† was unavailable. For some, around the world people have been experiencing it. Countries like China and India have been suffering of bad and poor quality water. But it did not happen until the last years that peopleRead MoreSupply For A Continuous Supply1134 Words   |  5 Pagescannot ensure a continuous supply for the product UV4 from its sourcing country, China, because the Chinese governmental ban on the use of UV4’s raw material. He has to make a plan by the next day to address the short-term shortage of supply. Associated Issue The higher level of issues that should be taken into account are: global sourcing; strategic sourcing; supplier management; cost analysis; supplier relations and risk management. Issue Analysis Major of facts †¢ The company had annual sales of

Broad Scholarship Free Essays

Education is the key to all doors of the world. I know that by seeking my education I can help someone else benefit from it and also succeed in their life as well. My desire to obtain a degree is a representation to others that anything is possible if you put your mind to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Broad Scholarship or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a person who appreciates the opportunity to educate myself on all topics, not just one, I can never take that for granted. Many people who don’t have an education or those who cannot achieve it because of poverty or fear, I can be an inspiration to them, letting them know that receiving your education is not only about hard work and dedication, but that its fun and exciting at the same time. I can give the wisdom of knowing that nothing compares to learning something new and experiencing that knowledge first hand in the world. I tell the kids who I work along-side with everyday that going to school is fun. They see me going to school every day. I share stories of the high school lifestyle to them all the time. They know that by going to college you can be whatever you want and how you want to be presented to the world. You’re your own boss and they listen. They not only see the benefits from having education, but they know how having an education can lead to newer heights in their lives and also for their families lives. I believe by me getting my education, I can keep that hope among our younger generation for all eternality, one that will never perish, but only live with a smile of gratitude and appreciation for the word education. The dream of receiving an education will expand through their eyes and mine, bringing new dimension and understanding of education to the world as a whole for all people. This is why my degree is so important to me, for the better of our children’s children children. How to cite Broad Scholarship, Papers

Takad Carnapping Case free essay sample

She had her last payment on July 2003, barely four (4) months from the constitution of the Kasunduan. In pursuant to the Kasunduan, Zennie Aguirre, the accounts officer of BDC, pulled-out the subject tricycle from Lacsamana,the latter being in default in the payment of her loan. Said tricycle then was placed under the custody of the treasurer of the Samahan. BDC, through Aguirre, gave Lacsamana a chance to redeem the tricycle and set a period within which the latter must settle her obligation, however, she was unable to pay the amount on the date agreed upon. So that five days thereafter, Lacsamana, together with her live-in partner, Romulo Takad, went to Aguirre and pleaded that they be allowed to redeem the tricycle but Aguirre, as instructed by her superior, denied their plea. In the said incident, Takad, who was with Lacsamana at that time, uttered, â€Å"Huwag na huwag kong makikita ang tricycle sa Pasig. We will write a custom essay sample on Takad Carnapping Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Subsequently, the tricycle was seized from the treasurer of the Samahan. So that on November 20, 2003, the subject tricycle was given to a new assignee, Carlos Parlade.

The Garden of Love Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Garden of Love Analysis Essay The Garden of Love is, quite obviously, a poem about life and the pursuit of happiness. It is also about the effects that negativity can have on love. Blake uses religion to convey the idea that negativity pervades and corrupts all life(51 n.9), further supporting it with his use of rhyme scheme and imagery. In searching for love people often times emerge scarred and hostile from their fruitless efforts. Some continue to have faith in the idea of love and its possibilities, others do not. These folk sometimes seek refuge from their pain in a variety of houses. It is just as often that these refugees project their negative attitudes onto others that search for love and happiness. People who fear love can prevent others from finding it, because they change the positive surroundings to suit their negative world. the conflict between organized religion and the individual is the constant idea throughout the poem. Blake, himself, despised the Church, as an institution rather than an idea, and used religious symbols to show how structured religion can destroy the lover and creator within. A chapel has been built, perverting a once pure and loving environment. In inspecting the chapel, the persona feels only negativity from a religious house, as the gates are shut And Thou shalt not writ over the door(6). Not only has man and machine invaded this place once full of life, but they have also brought with them negative commandments. The negative phrase, Thou shalt not defies the instructions in Deuteronomy to write Thou shalt- a positive commandment- upon the posts of they house and on thy gates, supporting the notion that negative commandments pervade and corrupt all life(51 n.9). Other images are used to represent individual and Church, positive and negative. He uses words that exude life and breath, such as green, love, bore, and sweet flowers. These are all positive images that support the individuals search for creativity and love within the natural environment(pre-C hurch). Blake uses negative images to represent the Church, which in turn conveys the effects that negativity and pessimism can have on positive things. Negativity can often overpower positivity. In The Garden of Love negative images invade a positive environment and change it to suit its needs. The Church tears apart the natural environment in order to create a church, shuts the gates to keep out evil and poor people, and replacing the Garden of Love with a garden of death by substituting tombstones for flowers. Blake uses words that imply darkness and negativity, such as new building, gates, graves, black gowns, and briars. The positive images that are present in the first stanza of the poem eventually disappear and the poem is overflowing with negatives. And I saw it was filled with graves,/And tomb-stones where flowers should be:/And Priests in black gowns, were walking their rounds,/And binding with briars, my joys desires(9-12). The images of innocence and life that introduce d the persona finds her place of refuge overgrown with darkness and infected with limitations. As Jean Hagstrum said, It is always the institutional Urizen who perverts natural life. In the garden of love in Experience stands an altar, and priests read commands from a book on a lectern (531). What used to be a place lush with life and hope is being confined by negativity. Blakes use of conflicting imagery shows how negativity is infectious and limits love. Blake also uses the persona to show the effects of negativity on positivity. The persona changes throughout the poem as the influence of the organized Church on the environment increases. In the beginning, the voice is innocent, pure, open, and exploring, saying, I went to the Garden of Love,/and saw what I never had seen/Where I used to play on the green (1-4). The voice was individualistic and not influenced by any powers other than her own. However, as the poem progresses and the persona experiences more negativity, that voice changes. In the final lines, with the addition of internal rhyme scheme, the voice seems trapped and confused. And Priests in black gowns, were walking their rounds,/And binding with briars, my joys desires(11-12). In the first two stanzas of the .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d , .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d .postImageUrl , .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d , .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d:hover , .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d:visited , .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d:active { border:0!important; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d:active , .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0f3f38a904d5b724a61c1a4478cab02d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rosa Parks Research Essay We will write a custom essay on The Garden of Love Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Understanding Learning

Understanding Learning Free Online Research Papers Understanding learning within humans and non-humans is an area that psychologists have researched over many years. The first major approach was behaviourism which lead to the comparative and cognitive approaches. These two approaches are supported by different physiologists, who have defined methods to help understand learning such as; animals behaviour and the humans mind. These approaches both use experiments, however, they consider different elements to help prove their research, which can be similar and contrast with each other. The comparative perspective in psychology is based on behaviourism; the behaviourist psychologists use mainly experiment to observe the behaviour of animals and other creatures in learning. Researchers propose that learning is potentially observable and measurable and the environment is taking a huge part in studying behaviour in learning. The cognitive perspective come from behaviourism it also uses experimental, but as time goes on the aspects of studying learning has changed. It focuses on more understanding the inferences that happens in the brain processes. The processes in the brain is one of the main aspects of the cognitive perspective. This approach does still have behaviourism as a major element like comparative, however, it also balances it with the mental processes. A method which helps differentiate the cognitive approach is category learning which group things together to help humans organise their experiences. One of the first experiments or studies for category learning was by Bruner at al, who used a method called hypothesis testing. This method of proving and disapproving the hypothesis is not considered by comparative approach. A comparative approach which does uses part of the cognitive approach was part of Tolman’s research. Tolman used classical and instrumental conditioning to find out how the rats behaviour changed and learnt. His experiment focuses on whether the rat learnt from its given environment and adapted its behaviour by taking account the learning within the brain. His experiment combines the comparative and cognitive approach because it makes inference of what is going on in the rats head. The behaviourist Tolman suggest â€Å"that learning involves ‘something in the head as well as a change in behaviour† p181 Tolman The comparative approach usually does an experiment based on condition that observes the subjects behaviour. The researcher will make judgement of the outcome of the behaviour that the subject shown in the artificial environment. The artificial environments which are set up in this approach can also be seen by the cognitive perspective. In Skinners box an environment was set up to monitor behaviour of rat learning how to get food. The experiment involved rat to learn expectancies by giving series of positive reinforcement, which the delivery of food is manipulated by the experimenter which is called operant conditioning. The experiment showed that the behaviour of the rat learnt from the experiment which is applied by the law of effect. The environment of the experiment has a lack of ecological validity due to behaviour of the rat may not be linked closely to humans despite of animals adapt as humans do. In comparison to comparative approach, the lack of ecological validity can also be seen in the Bruners’s card experiment. His work has not got the real life scenario and it is based on an empiricism method. He developed cards which are classed as artificial stimuli, the participants categorised the cards by asking if certain cards were part of the same category and when the participants settled on their hypothesis they wrote it down. This cognitive approach looked at how the mind categorise items, Bruners said that people use two main strategies; successive scanning and conservative focusing. Bruners argue that â€Å"people learn concepts via a process of generating and then refining hypothesis in the light of further evidence†p193 This type of cognitive approach can have several results and there are some human interpretations. Another problem with Bruners hypothesis approach was pointed out by Fodor and Chomsky, known as induction problem. This is when the hypothesis is based on past experiences and there could a number of different hypothesis’s that are correct, which could also contradict each other. This is very different to the empirical nature of the comparative approach seen in Skinners box which gives clear results in the changing behaviour of the rat. The researchers of the cognitive approach shifted from Bruners empirical based experiment to more meaningful categories. Murphy and Kaplan believed the background knowledge was important in category learning. For example, the results of the experiment show that the participants did not try to learn the different attributes they used the background knowledge to link the attributes. However, these two view points of this approach differ from each other because Brunner does not take into account prior knowledge. Murphy’s experiment uses one related attribute and five unrelated attribute of cars. This theme meant that participants learnt twice as quick than those who did not have related theme. In contrast to the cognitive approach the comparative approach takes into account the innate knowledge of the subject. As shown in the Skinners box when the behaviour of rat is observed using its natural knowledge of desire for food. Without this innate nature the rat would not acquire the necessity of learning to get the food. Similar points of view have been suggested using a cognitive approach by Fodor and Chomosky. They both argue that learning comes from innate, which is similar to the Plato who believed that learning primarily came from nativism. They suggested that an alternative to category knowledge is the subject’s innate behaviour. The different approaches that psychologists have studied to help understand learning with animals and humans have meant that there are many methods that can help explain. Comparative with its background in behaviourism tended to monitor events of animals and it was later that physiologists started to make inferences of the brain to try and help explain the results. The cognitive approach identifies ways which humans categorises things depending on our experiences, previous knowledge or innate abilities. The two approaches to learning use very different methods but they also draw on certain similar elements especially when making inferences about the brain. Research Papers on Understanding LearningEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseOpen Architechture a white paperTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Management Information system (journal) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Management Information system (journal) - Essay Example Infra-structure became the foundation for serving customers, working with suppliers and managing internal business processes System Design Development and Architecture, on the other hand, considered the relevant and crucial interplay of hardware, software, people or human resources, culture and processes to ensure effective implementation towards the achievement of organizational goals. Through designing appropriate strategies that incorporate details on systems design and architecture, organizations are able to tap internal resources and develop core competencies, as required. One learned from the module that the basic process of systems development involves defining the project, creating a model of the current system, deriving a model for the new system, measuring the costs and benefits of all alternatives, selecting the best option, designing the new system, completing the specific programming functions, installing and testing the new system, and completing a post-implementation audit (Laudon and Laudon: Chapter 8). By recognizing the crucial details that go into systems design, business and IT practit ioners could apply concepts learned in real life contemporary

Environmental Studies, Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Studies, Ethics - Essay Example Large-scale farming is more complicated than large-scale industry. Also, the growth pace is very slow. To Karl Marx, capitalism meant a progressive historical stage that would eventually freeze because of internal contradictions, and in the end, making way for socialism. This ideology provides the base for Marxist theory on the impact of capitalism and mechanization on farmers, the transition from peasant-based agriculture towards an agricultural-industrial revolution. The need for revolution was inevitable. The conventional means of agriculture just could not feed the mouths of billions of people. The impact of this revolution cannot be categorized as either good or bad in absolute terms. The peasant domestic industry was the backbone to the system providing protection for laborers. But with the transition this industry vanished and with it the traditional peasant culture. For the same reason, people started to see the benefit of having a small family, which meant fewer mouths to feed in the winters. The need for more money was the primary driving force. Marxs idea about agricultural revolution is defined within the comparison of large-scale farming versus small-scale agriculture. The assumption here is that the rural population will be segmented into strictly defined social classes; a small minority of wealthy farmers living alongside the majority of agricultural workers. This relationship would not be based on equality because the workers would have been always trying to free themselves from the oppression and influence of the authority. Marx proposed the success of transition but suggested that an alliance of industrial and agricultural working class was imperative for the healthy growth of the society. Ultimately, this union could become a force against the capitalists. Kautsky does not limit himself to a narrow debate. Only considering the

Religion in Crime and Punishment

Religion in Crime and Punishment Dostoevsky was a very religious an after he got out of jail. Because of this, when he wrote Crime and Punishment he incorporated teachings and symbolism from his own religion to help the characters progress. There are several instances where the use of symbolism along with water portrays rebirth and regeneration. There are also instances where water represents death, whether it is because of murder or suicide. Another symbol used in the novel is the cross. As if the cross did not represent enough already in Christianity, Dostoevsky uses it to represent the ordinary, along with its classic representation of suffering. Finally, Dostoevsky incorporated the stories of Lazarus and Jesus. These are meant to represent the characters spiritual awakening and spiritual death. The outstanding strands of symbolic imagery in the novel are those of water, and stories of Lazarus and Jesus (Gibian 2). Dostoevskys personal beliefs are portrayed through the use of symbolism within Crime and Punishment including the use of religious symbols such as water and the cross, and through biblical stories such as that of Lazarus, which help the characters evolve. The use of water is a recurring theme within Crime and Punishment. To the protagonist of the book, water is a symbol of rebirth and regeneration, always there when something positive occurs (Gibian 2). This is saying that whether it be when Rodya (Raskalinkov) is turning himself in, or when he returns to his faith, water is always present. Inside of Raskalinkovs inner fight, there is still receptivity to water as beauty (Gibian 2). This is saying that no matter how difficult life can get, Rodya always sees the beauty in water which has a calming effect on him. For him, water is soothing and a source of life, such as with the flowers along the bank of a river. He understood the beauty of the river, and therefore that of the water (Gibian 2). Even though he sees this beauty, the rest of his life is so confusing he contemplates suicide within the river. HE then realizes that the river is life, not death. The river which Raskalinkov sees is no longer a means for committing suicide, nor a sight inducing melancholy; it is the river of life (Gibian 4).This is a major step because he realizes he needs to fall onto the road of redemption, which ironically begins by the river as well, along with Sonia (A woman Rodya meets who helps him on his road to redemption.) Rodyas regeneration begins with Sonia at his side at the bank of the river (Gibian 6). During his regeneration, he realizes that even though he has seen the beauty of the river, it was not as it was; he used to see it with more concentration. It occurs to Rodya that he has not fully enjoyed the beauty of the river because his thoughts have banished him (Gibian 6). His reaction to water has changed since becoming a student with his new views (Gibian 4). The religious symbol of water represents rebirth and regeneration to many characters such as Raskalinkov. Even though water can be seen as rebirth and regeneration, it can also be a representation of death, whether it is murder or suicide. For the protagonists, water has a generally positive effect, but this is not the case when dealing with the antagonists. Water has a negative influence on the antagonists, always there when bad events occur (Gibian 2). Whenever anything negative happens to an antagonist, water is involved. One example of this is the situation with Svidrigalov, who, to Raskalinkov, is threatening. Instead of being a positive influence, water is negative for Svidrigalov because it is in the rain that he decides to take his life and shoot himself (Gibian 2). Before this, he also confirms his repulsion of water. Water holds the terror of death for the corrupt Svidrigalov who confirms his depravity by saying Never could I stand water, not even in a landscape painting. (Gibian 2). This shows that water holds a position above Svidrigalov, as a higher power causing harm to him . Unlike the protagonists, the antagonists have a negative reaction with water leading to death. Dostoevsky used another symbol from his religion, the cross, to help develop the characters. The main representation of the cross is suffering. Raskalinkov wears the cypress cross that Sonia gives to him, because now he is ready to suffer for his murdering of the pawnbroker. Sonya gives Raskalinkov the cross as if saying You are no forgiven. Go suffer. (Knopps 1). Sonia convinces Raskalinkov to wear the cross as he confesses which shows he is ready to suffer (Gibian 3). The other reason Dostoevsky used the cross was to show that Raskalinkov and his victim were ordinary people. The cross that Sonya gives to Rodya once belonged to his innocent victim, Lizavita. The cross was also made of an ordinary wood, cypress. Rodya wears the cross of his innocent victim, which is made of an ordinary wood cypress. This represents how his victim was random and innocent (Salvation 2). His victim was ordinary who happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time, just like the ordinary cypress. The other connection that can be made is between the ordinary cypress and Raskalinkov being ordinary. After he killed the pawnbroker and her sister, Raskalinkov believes he is a higher power, above the law. This is why he has trouble with religion; he believes he is a god. However, when he takes the cross, this changes. When he takes the cross, he admits he is an ordinary man, now part of society (Salvation 5). This is cutting Rodya down to the level of everyone else. Now he is not above the law and must turn himself in. It also means that he can have faith again and believe in God and Jesus, coming back to religion. Since Dostoevsky was religious, it is not a surprise that he incorporated stories from the bible into his novel. The author uses parallels to the stories of Jesus and Lazarus from the main characters in his novel. The first comparison is to show how Raskalinkov is spiritually dead, but with hope of being awakened. The reading of the story of Lazarus is important because Rodya has experienced a sort of spiritual death (Hutt 1). Before the story of Lazarus, a man whom Jesus raised from the dead after four days, was read to him, Rodya had abandoned faith and was spiritually dead. He asks Sonya to read him the story because he is spiritually dead and needs hope (Salvation 2). Even though Sonya is trying, Raskalinkov doesnt understand and is still not figuring out the connections between him and Lazarus. Even though there is seems to be no chance of it working, Rodyas soul can be raised. The other comparison to Jesus and Lazarus is to show how Raskalinkov can be spiritually awoken. Raskalinkov feels like Lazarus in that one day he may have a resurrection that would end his spiritual depravity (Hutt 1). Rodya asks Sonya to read him the story of Lazarus to give him hope that he can gain faith. Dostoevsky has Raskalinkov ask Sonya to read him the story of Lazarus because it is the best example of a human being resurrected to a new life (Gibian 3). This is because there was a need for Rodya to overcome his feelings of being somewhat God-like. Not only does Raskalinkov identify with Lazarus, but also with Jesus. Rodya is raised from his spiritual death just as Jesus ad, while there were many who did not believe it was possible. Also, as Raskalinkov is going through his regeneration, he keeps a bible under his pillow to symbolize Jesus resurrection (Gibian 5). Raskalinkov can identify with Lazarus and Jesus because of their resurrections back to life. Dostoevsky uses his religion to influence his novel and help develop the characters. The author, a deeply religious man, uses allusions to stories of his faith heavily in order to show how religion can bring about redemption (Hutt 1). There are several instances in which Dostoevsky uses his own religion to influence the characters. One of the main symbols is water. Water is used to help the regeneration and rebirth of the protagonists, helping them realize the beauty of life. On the other side, water is used to show death for the antagonists. The Christian symbol of the cross is used in a traditional sense of suffering and a new view, as ordinary. There is also evidence of stories such as Lazarus helping the characters progress. Dostoevsky used his own religion to impact the characters within his novel.

Change and People

Outline for â€Å"The Psychological Impact of Dejobbing† †¢ â€Å"You are what you do† – most Americans are defined in terms of their jobs, connected to a wider community through their jobs, and provided with structure and purpose by their jobs. †¢ What you must learn, for today’s job environment – learn to live with work situations that are not framed by job descriptions and clear reporting relationships. We will have to learn to live with multiple roles, where the role mix changes frequently.And we will have to find the income we need in such unstable and unpredictable conditions †¢ The most difficult aspect of being laid off or otherwise â€Å"dejobbed† – The hardest part of being laid off is the mental aspect. † In the long run it will probably be the psychological aspect of dejobbing that people find most difficult. Incomes are modular and portable; they can be replaced. Replacing the psychological rewards tha t jobs have provided is far more difficult. What work gives each of us, cognitively and emotionally – A job gives people parts to play and tells them what they need to do to feel good about their contribution. It gives them a way of knowing when they have done enough, and it tells them when their results are satisfactory. Jobs provide people with a place where they need to show up regularly, a list of things they’ve got to do; a role to play in some larger undertaking; a set of expectations to be measured against.It gives them an everyday sense of purpose, and fulfilling such purpose is a source of self-esteem. For people whose personal lives are not going very well, the job may be the only source of self-esteem. †¢ Relationship between order and change in the world of work today – The art of progress is to preserve order amid change and to preserve change amid order. † It is important to recognize this reciprocal relationship and to understand that c hange and stability are not in an either-or relationship to one another†¦Without order, change has nothing to work on†¦but without hange, order cannot be maintained through time†¦You can feel this relation between change and order when you ride a bicycle: you need to keep making little turns, or else you won’t travel straight and stay upright for very long†¦what the dejobbed worker needs to look for is neither a way to recover absolute stability, nor a way to live with utter chaos, but a dynamic kind of order that does not block the flow of change How to give a sense of structure and meaning to your life if you are ever â€Å"dejobbed†: I.Grouping changes: 1. Goals – listing the three most important goals you have now†¦we’re looking for big, comprehensive goals here, not the many little ones. Then, decide what intermediate objectives (no more than three) each of your goals requires you to meet in the near future. Your to-do list c omes from these nine objectives, but nine is too many. Prioritize them. Which three need to be done pronto? Which three could wait until next week? Which three simply have to be done sometime pretty soon? Now, take the ‘prontos. What immediate, first step does each of them demand? Write them down. Those are the actions you are going to take this week. 2. Steps – After any big change in your life, you are going to have to reprioritize again, because any big change changes the value you put on everything in your life†¦It’s also important to keep others up to date on what your priorities are, since any change is going to affect other people, too. The minute you start considering others, you will find that priority-setting isn’t a game of solitaire. . Actions – Keeping your priorities in order is easier if you are not being swamped by sudden and unexpected changes understand better than others the implications of changes that have already taken pl ace. 4. Environmental shifts – , it is important to improve your capacity to see disruptive changes coming†¦subtle shifts in the environment that have already taken place but have not yet been fully recognized by the people who will be affected by them†¦The demise of jobs is such a shift:†¦closure of ilitary bases, the massive restructuring of the health care industry,†¦ the end of American dominance in world markets†¦What economic, technological, demographic or cultural changes in your own work environment fall into this 5. Internal audit – conduct an audit of your†¦expectations, habits, contacts and personal â€Å"rules,† in regard to how they affect your ability to handle constant change. For each of these ask yourself, what is hindering you? What is helping you? Expectations: do you have expectations that are continually being violated by the next change, such as: †¢ After this change, things will settle down. †¢ If yo u are employed by a large organization, you will be insulated from the ravages of constant change. †¢ If you â€Å"do a good job† for your employer, you’ll remain on the payroll. †¢ A human being will always be able to do your job better than a machine will. †¢ The government will step in if the competition from overseas gets too intense. †¢ Long service to an organization will be viewed as a plus. Habits: It is critical for you to stay up to date on the social, technical and economic changes that are likely to have an impact on the kind of work you do†¦decide what periodicals you would read, and what professional or trade meetings you would attend, if you were an independent professional in the field. †¢ Contacts: Are you ready to launch a personal business-development effort tomorrow by contacting the first two or three of the several dozen people who could help you move in whatever direction you decided was appropriate?These would be pe ople who, themselves, have contacts; or who know a lot about something you need to understand; or who might be partners in a joint venture, or who have resources you might be able to use, or who would be able to attest to your potential and accomplishments. †¢ Personal â€Å"Rules†: Most of us are still playing under the old rules. You need to keep an eye out for them via your self-audit and replace them when find them; rules such as: †¢ Don’t leave a job when good jobs are hard to get. Remember, your present job is only temporarily expedient†¦it is going to disappear. The best jobs go to the people with the best qualifications. This is a half-truth, because the whole idea of â€Å"qualification† is changing. The old ‘qualifications’ included degrees or other formal certification, experience in a similar job, and recommendations. Today, most recommendations are known to be hot air or tail-covering platitudes. Experience is more likely to produce a repetition of the past than the kind of new approach that today’s conditions demand. And there often isn’t any degree or certification in the activity that today’s organization needs.The new meaning of â€Å"qualification† is – your D. A. T. A. †¢ Don’t try to change careers after forty. †¢ Getting into the â€Å"right business† assures a secure future†¦designating any field (as the â€Å"right† one) would be bad advice because although there are parts of the economy that are destined to expand, no part of the economy immune to dejobbing. †¢ It doesn’t matter what you want; it’s what â€Å"they† want that counts. Most of us were raised on this one. Maturity was a matter of tempering our wants and of conforming to what someone with more influence and resources wanted of us.But today, it doesn’t matter nearly as much what an organization wants as it used to. The power has moved elsewhere; the only â€Å"they† that matters much any more is, customers. †¢ You have to be a salesman to get ahead today. Not necessarily, but what you do need is†¦a clear understanding of why someone needs what you have and do, and the ability to make your case effectively. Many people who do those well have no experience or interest in sales as a field. II. Changes in how work-related words are being defined: 1. â€Å"Qualification† – 2. â€Å"Risky† vs. â€Å"responsible† employment – III.Frames of meaning: 1. Identity/integrity – is about psychological rather than ethical. It means wholeness With so much change and fragmentation in the new career world, you need a solid core of self. You have to be true to who you are; to your identity. Here, â€Å"identity† means sameness. It refers to the thread of being-the-same-person that runs through all the actions and relationships and statements of an integrate d person. Thus the integrity/identity frame is capable of both maintaining continuity and containing change†¦It is the thread of sameness on which differing activities can be strungThe life journey – The first is a journey toward some external goal: influence and power, a happy family, salvation, or self-actualization. The characteristic of this journey is that it has a recognizable destination that is so desirable that we are willing to put up with the hardships along the way. Those hardships are just hurdles or barriers to be overcome. We may even see barriers as â€Å"filters† that keep the impure, the undeveloped or the basely motivated from reaching the valuable goal. We may also view them as filters that screen out those elements in ourselves, in which case we say that the journey made us better people.On this second type of journey we are trying to become the people we are meant to be. We’re â€Å"ugly ducklings† who don’t know that we are really swans†¦we fail to see that most of what the â€Å"great people† of the world have accomplished was not done because they were different but because they were not busy trying to be somebody else. Most of what has been worth doing†¦was accomplished by people who were (like you and me, most of the time) self-doubting, ambivalent and more than a bit discouraged.This second type of journey frames the difficulties along the way no so much as hurdles to be cleared as signals to be attended to, or even lessons to be learned†¦When someone on this journey says that â€Å"there are no accidents,† that does not mean hat we are living according to some great computer program in the sky, but simply that those times when â€Å"the wrong thing happens† are simply the times when we are looking at the world through the filters formed by our outgrown expectations.It means that if we could see the accidental as if it were part of a lesson plan, Our origina l goals and expectations are little more than the â€Å"bait† that lure us into whatever is the next leg of the journey. Anyone who has come to appreciate these things and can see how often the life journey includes or even depends upon events and situations that we didn’t really want to happen can appreciate the definition of the journey offered by an anonymous sage: â€Å"A journey is a trip after you’ve lost your luggage. 1. Where you place your loyalties – As people get tossed around in the changes that are constantly happening in today’s organizations, they lose their loyalty to organizations and increase their loyalty to the kind of work they do. This constitutes a shift in the continuity-producing frame. The organization can no longer perform that task, since the individual’s connection with it is too easily broken. Only something portable can, so the profession, the vocation, or the work becomes the frame.In another version of the s ame process, â€Å"professional growth† becomes the frame. Here the work and the journey metaphor are blended, as the changes that the person encounters are translated into chances to learn more about one’s vocation†¦The journey of increasing expertise and the journey toward mastery become personally meaningful frames, for they contain and give meaning to not only one’s achievements, but even to very serious work-related failures and disappointments. 2. Reality† – Quantum physics has taught us to think in terms of energy fields rather than solid matter, and has show us that some life changes occur not gradually or piecemeal as ordinary experience would suggest, but in â€Å"quantum leaps† wherein a pattern of energy moves suddenly from one state or level to another. Life sometimes has that quality – we wake up one morning and â€Å"everything has changed. † The career that looked fine yesterday is today trivial and worthles s. The relationship that was very important to us yesterday suddenly isn’t.Or perhaps chaos theory provides an more effective metaphor. If the organization is not like a set of children’s building blocks, all horizontals and verticals on the organizational chart, perhaps the organization is more like flowing water†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Points† are unreal; it’s all flux. The patterns are like weather systems, only predictable in the very short term – yet undeniably ordered by some principle beyond randomness. Contemporary chaos theory talks about so-called strange attractors, which are the ordering principles within such apparently random patterns.They are found in water flows, in the seasons, in the rise and fall of animal populations, in the behavior of financial markets†¦Such a ‘frame’ has the feel of life, its messiness-without-meaninglessness, its constant change and continuous transformation†¦ Create â€Å"Islands of Order† : One of the ways to manage a life of constant change is to maintain stability in some areas your life by not letting change into them†¦some people whose careers have taken them all over the world have kept a home base somewhere that they return to whenever they need to put the pieces back together again.Many people whose work associates come and go†¦keep a circle of friends which changes very little. Many people who go through professional identities as though they were seasonal clothing maintain a spiritual discipline†¦or play a sport seriously. These are the solid points of contact are their rock, which enable them to move safely. Other islands of order are temporal and periodic: quiet time every weekend, every other weekend, one weekend every month; a half-hour of meditation or solitary exercise every morning; two or three weeks â€Å"away from it all† every summer.Some time-outs are occasional: a break, a totally free and passive period at the end of every big project. Some are spontaneous: a sudden decision to spend the afternoon at a movie, take a hike or swim, instead of working. Other islands of order are spatial. They are places where the person goes to break the pattern of constant change. It may be a little park near where you work that you stop by every lunch hour. It may be a room (even a corner of a room) in your house or a chair under a tree in the backyard.It may be a motel room you rent at the beach. Whatever and wherever they are, these are places of order, where you take a break from constant input and output. Still other islands of order are created by favored activities. They may be hobbies†¦stamp collecting†¦playing a musical instrument or a sport†¦cooking, listening to music, taking walks, gardening, doing carpentry, brushing a horse, or training a dog. The common element is that time slows down, even stands still, when you do them.

Transmission Control Protocol and Cisco Public Information

Learning Objectives Be able to explain the purpose of a protocol analyzer (Wireshark). Be able to perform basic PDU capture using Wireshark. Be able to perform basic PDU analysis on straightforward network data traffic. Experiment with Wireshark features and options such as PDU capture and display filtering. Background Wireshark is a software protocol analyzer, or â€Å"packet sniffer† application, used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and protocol development, and education. Before June 2006, Wireshark was known as Ethereal.A packet sniffer (also known as a network analyzer or protocol analyzer) is comput er software that can intercept and log data traffic passing over a data network. As data streams travel back and forth over the network, the sniffer â€Å"captures† each protocol dat a unit (PDU) and can decode and analyze its content according to the appropriate RFC or other specifications. Wireshark is programmed to recognize the structure of differen t network protocols. This enables it to display the encapsulati on and individual fields of a PDU and interpret their meaning.It is a useful tool for anyone working with networks and can be used with most labs in the CCNA courses for data analysis and troubleshooting. For information and to download the program go to -http://www. Wireshark. org Scenario To capture PDUs the computer on which W ireshark is installed must have a working connection to the network and Wireshark must be running before any data can be captured. W hen Wireshark is launched, the screen below is displayed. To start data capture it is first necessary to go to the Capture menu and select the Options choice.The Options dialog provides a range of settings and filters which determines which and how much data traffic is captured. All contents are Copyright  © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 2 of 12 First, it is necessary to ensure that Wire shark is set to monitor the correct interface. From the Interface drop down list, select the network adapter in use. Typically, for a computer this will be the connected Ethernet Adapter. Then other Options can be set. Among those available in Capture Options, the two highlighted below are worth examination.Setting Wireshark to capture packets in promiscuous mode If this feature is NOT checked, only PDUs destined for this computer will be captured. If this feature is checked, all PDUs d estined for this computer AND all those detected by the computer NIC on the same network segment (i. e. , those that â€Å"pass by† the NI C but are not destined for the computer) are captured. Note: The capturing of these other PDUs depends on the intermediary device connecting the end device computers on this network. As you use different intermediary devices (hubs, switches, routers) thro ughout these courses, you will experience the different Wireshark results.Setting Wireshark for network name resolution This option allows you to control whether or not Wireshark translates network addresses found in PDUs into names. Although th is is a useful feature, the name resolution process may add extra PDUs to your captured data perhaps distorting the analysis. There are also a number of other capture filtering and process settings available. Clicking on the Start button starts the data capture process and a message box displays the progress of this process. All contents are Copyright  © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 3 of 12 As data PDUs are captured, the types and number are indicated in the message box The examples above show the capture of a ping process and then accessing a web page . When the Stop button is clicked, the capture process is terminated and the main screen is displayed . This main display window of Wireshark has three panes. All contents are Copyright  © 1992–2007 Cisco Sys tems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document i s Cisco Public Information. Page 4 of 12 The PDU (or Packet) List Pane at the top of the diagram displays a summary of each packet captured.By clicking on packets in this pane, you control what is displayed in the other two panes. The PDU (or Packet) Details Pane in the middle of the diagram displays the packet selected in the Packet List Pane in more de tail. The PDU (or Packet) Bytes Pane at the bottom of the diagram displays the actual data (in hexadecimal form representing the actual binary) from the packet selected in the Packet List Pane, and highlights the field selected in the Packet Details Pane . Each line in the Packet List corresponds to one PDU or packet of the captured d ata.If you select a line in this pane, more details will be displayed in the â€Å"Packet Details† and â€Å"Packet Bytes† panes. The example above shows the PDUs captured when the ping utilit y was used and http://www. Wireshark. org was ac cessed. Packet number 1 is selected in this pane. The Packet Details pane shows the current packet (selected in the â€Å"Packet List† pane) in a more detailed form. This pane show s the protocols and protocol fields of the selected packet. The protocols and fields of the packet are disp layed using a tree, which can be expanded and collapsed.The Packet Bytes pane shows the data of the current packet (selec ted in the â€Å"Packet List† pane) in what is known as â€Å"hexdump† style. In this lab, this pane will not be examined in detail. However, when a more in -depth analysis is required this displayed information is useful for examining the binary values and content o f PDUs. All contents are Copyright  © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 5 of 12 The information captured for the data PDUs can be saved in a file. This file can then be opened in Wireshark f or analysis some time in the fut ure ithout the need to re-capture the same data traffic again. The information displayed when a capture file is opened is the same as the original capture. When closing a data capture screen or exiting Wireshark you are pr ompted to save the captured PDUs. Clicking on Continue without Saving closes the file or exits Wireshark without saving the displayed captured data. Task 1: Ping PDU Capture Step 1: After ensuring that the standard lab topology and configuration is correct, launch Wireshark on a computer in a lab pod. Set the Capture Options as described above in the overview and start the capture process.From the command line of the computer, ping the IP address of another network connected and powered on end device on in the lab topology. In this case, ping the Eagle Server at using the command ping 192. 168. 254. 254. After receiving the successful replies to the ping in the command line window, stop the packet capture. Step 2: Examine the Packet List pane. The Packet List pane on Wireshark should now look something like this: Look at the packets listed above; we are interested in packet numbers 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14 and 15. Locate the equivalent packets on the packet list on your computer.All contents are Copyright  © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Pa ge 6 of 12 If you performed Step 1A above match the messages displayed in the command line window when th e ping was issued with the six packets captured by Wireshark . From the Wireshark Packet List answer the following: What protocol is used by ping? ________ICMP______________________ What is the full protocol name? ___Internet Control Message Protocol____ What are the names of the two ping messages? _____Echo Request____ _____Echo Reply____________________________________Are the listed source and destination IP addresses what you expected? Yes / N o Why? ___________________________________ Answers may vary-Yes, the source address is my computer and the destination is the Eagle server Step 3: Select (highlight) the first echo request packet on the list with the mouse. The Packet Detail pane will now display something similar to: Click on each of the four â€Å"+† to expand the information. The packet Detail Pane will now be similar to: All contents are Copyright  © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 7 of 12 As you can see, the details for each section and protocol can be expanded further. Spend some time scrolling through this information. At this stage of the course, you may not fully understand the information displayed but make a note of the information you do recognize. Locate the two different types of ‘Source† and â€Å"Destination†. Why are there two types? The Ethernet II shows the MAC addresses and the Internet Protocol shows the IP addresses What protocols are in the Ethernet frame? ___ eth:ip:icmp:data _ __________________________________As you select a line in the Packets Detail pane all or part of the information in the Packet Bytes pane als o becomes highlighted. For example, if the second line (+ Ethernet II) is highlighted in the Details pane the Bytes pane no w highlights the corresponding values. This shows the particular binary values that represent that information in the PDU. At this stage of the course, it is not necessary to understand this information in detail. Step 4: Go to the File menu and select Close. Click on Continue without Saving when this message box appears. Task 2: FTP PDU Capture Step 1: Start packet capture.Assuming Wireshark is still running from the previous steps, start packet capture by clicking on the Start option on the Capture menu of Wireshark. At the command line on your computer running Wireshark, enter ftp 192. 168. 254. 254 When the connection is established, enter anonymous as the user without a password. Userid: anonymous All contents are Co pyright  © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 8 of 12 Password: You may alternatively use login with userid cisco and with password cisco. When successfully logged in enter get /pub/eagle_labs/eagle1/chapter1/gaim-1. . 0. exe and press the enter key . This will start downloading the file from the ftp server. The output wil l look similar to: C:Documents and Settingsccna1>ftp eagle-server. example. com Connected to eagle-server. example. com. 220 Welcome to the eagle-server FTP service. User (eagle-server. example. com:(none)): anonymous 331 Please specify the password. Password: 230 Login successful. ftp> get /pub/eagle_labs/eagle1/chapter1/gaim-1. 5. 0. exe 200 PORT command successful. Consider using PASV. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for pub/eagle_labs/eagle1/chapter1/gaim-1. 5. 0. xe (6967072 bytes). 226 File send OK. ftp: 6967072 bytes received in 0. 59Seconds 11729. 08Kbytes/sec. When the file d ownload is complete enter quit ftp> quit 221 Goodbye. C:Documents and Settingsccna1> When the file has successfully downloaded, stop the PDU capture in Wireshark. Step 2: Increase the size of the Wireshark Packet List pane and scroll through the PDUs listed. Locate and note those PDUs associated with the file download. These will be the PDUs from the Layer 4 protocol TCP and the Layer 7 protocol FTP. Identify the three groups of PDUs associated with the file transfer.If you performed the step above, match the packets with the messages and prompts in the FTP command line window. The first group is associated with the â€Å"connection† phase and logging into the server . List examples of messages exchanged in this phase. Answers will vary- 1292 > ftp [SYN], FTP > 1292 [SYN, ACK], Response: 220 Welcome to the eagle -server FTP service, 1292 > ftp [ACK], Request: User anonymous, Response: 331 Please specify the password, Request: Pass Locate and list examples of messages exchange d in the second phase that is the actual download request and the data transfer.Answers will vary- FTP Data: 1448 bytes, 1294 > ftp-data [ACK], All contents are Copyright  © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 9 of 12 The third group of PDUs relate to logging out and â€Å"breaking the connection†. List examples of messages exchanged during this process. Answers will vary- Request:QUIT, Response: 221 Goodbye, 1292 > ftp [FIN, ACK], ftp >1292 [FIN, ACK] Locate recurring TCP exchanges throughout the FTP process. What feature of TCP does this indicate? __Send and receipt of data____________________________________________ Step 3: Examine Packet Details. Select (highlight) a packet on the list associated with the first phase of the FTP process. View the packet details in the Details pane. What are the protocols encapsulated in the frame? ____ Eth:ip:tcp:ftp-data ______________________________________ Highligh t the packets containing the user name and password. Examine the highlighted portion in the Packet Byte pane. What does this say about the security of this FTP login process ? _____ Security isn’t very high because the name and password are visible. ___________ Highlight a packet associated with the second phase. From any pane, locate the packet containing the f ile name. The filename is: ___gaim-1. 5. 0. exe__________ Highlight a packet containing the actual file content -note the plain text visible in the Byte pane. Highlight and examine, in the Details and Byte panes, some packets exchanged in the third phase o f the file download. What features distinguish the content of these packets ? ____ A [FIN, ACK] is issued to close the connection. __________________ When finished, close the Wireshark file and continue without savingTask 3: HTTP PDU Capture Step 1: Start packet capture. Assuming Wireshark is still running from the previous steps, start packet capture by clicking on the Start option on the Capture menu of Wireshark. Note: Capture Options do not have to be set if continuing from previous steps of thi s lab. Launch a web browser on the computer that is running Wireshark. All contents are Copyright  © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 10 of 12 Enter the URL of the Eagle Server of example. com or enter the IP address-192. 168. 54. 254. When the webpage has fully downloaded, stop the Wireshark packet capture. Step 2: Increase the size of the Wireshark Packet List pane and scroll through the PDUs listed. Locate and identify the TCP and HTTP packets associated with the webpage download. Note the similarity between this message exchange and the FTP exchange. Step 3: In the Packet List pane, highlight an HTTP packet that has the notation â€Å"(text/html)† in the Info column. In the Packet Detail pane click on the â€Å"+† next to â€Å"Line-based text data: htmlâ €  When this information expands what is displayed? ____HTML code for the web page__________________________ Examine the highlighted portion of the Byte Panel. This shows the HTML data carried by the packet. When finished close the Wireshark file and continue without saving Task 4: Reflection Consider the encapsulation information pertaining to captured network data Wireshark can provide. Relate this to th e OSI and TCP/IP layer models. It is important that you can recognize and link both the protocols represented and the protocol layer a nd encapsulation types of the models with the information provided by Wireshark.Task 5: Challenge Discuss how you could use a protocol analyzer such as Wireshark to: (1) Troubleshoot the failure of a webpage to download successfully to a browser on a computer. and (2) Identify data traffic on a network that is requested by users. Answers could vary-Wireshark could show when request for a web page failed due to incorrect URL. User traffic could b e monitored to identify errors in source or destination. All contents are Copyright  © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 11 of 12

The History of the Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal is a beautiful white marble mausoleum in the city of Agra, India. It is widely considered to be one of the greatest architectural masterpieces in the world  and is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Every year, the Taj Mahal receives visits from between four and six million tourists from all over the world.   Interestingly, less than 500,000 of those visitors are from overseas; the vast majority are from India itself. UNESCO has designated the building and its grounds as an official World Heritage Site, and there is much concern that the sheer volume of foot traffic may have a negative impact on this wonder of the world. Still, it is hard to blame people in India for wanting to see the Taj, since the growing middle class there finally has the time and leisure to visit their countrys great treasure. Why the Taj Mahal Was Built The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan  (r. 1628 - 1658) in honor of the Persian princess Mumtaz Mahal, his beloved third wife. She died in 1632 while bearing their fourteenth child, and Shah Jahan never really recovered from the loss. He poured his energy into designing and building the most beautiful tomb ever known for her, on the southern banks of the Yamuna River. It took some 20,000 artisans more than a decade to build the Taj Mahal complex. The white marble stone is inlaid with floral details carved from precious gems. In places, the stone is carved into delicate vined screens called pierce work so that visitors can see into the next chamber. All of the floors are inlaid with patterned stone, and incised painting in abstract designs adorns the walls. The artisans who did this incredible work were supervised by an entire committee of architects, headed by Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. The cost in modern values was about 53 billion rupees ($827 million US).  Construction of the mausoleum was completed around 1648. The Taj Mahal Today The Taj Mahal is one of the loveliest buildings in the world, combining architectural elements from across the Muslim lands. Among the other works that inspired its design are the Gur-e Amir, or the Tomb of Timur, in Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Humayuns Tomb in Delhi; and the Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daulah in Agra. However, the Taj outshines all of these earlier mausoleums in its beauty and grace. Its name literally translates as Crown of Palaces. Shah Jahan was a member of the Mughal Dynasty, descended from Timur (Tamerlane) and from Genghis Khan.  His family ruled India from 1526 to 1857.  Unfortunately for Shah Jahan, and for India, the loss of Mumtaz Mahal and the construction of her amazing tomb utterly distracted Shah Jahan from the business of governing India.  He ended up being deposed and imprisoned by his own third son, the ruthless and intolerant Emperor Aurangzeb.  Shah Jahan ended his days under house arrest, lying in bed, gazing out at the white dome of the Taj Mahal.  His body was interred in the glorious building he had made, beside that of his beloved Mumtaz.