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Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay - 610 Words

Trifles by Susan Glaspell Susan Glaspellss Trifles is a little gem of a play. In one short act, the playwright presents the audience with a complex human drama leaving us with a haunting question. Did an abused Nebraska farm wife murder her husband? Through the clever use of clues and the incriminating dialogue of the two main characters, this murder mystery unfolds into a psychological masterpiece of enormous proportions. Written in 1916, the play deals with the theme of the roles of women in society. This was a time before women had the right to vote or sit on juries. Shortly after writing the play, Glaspell wrote it as a short story entitled A Jury of Her Peers. The scene is set in†¦show more content†¦They tell the audience a great deal about the home life and mental state of Mrs. Wright. The house didnt have a telephone because when Mr. Hale asked if Mr. Wright would want to join him in paying for a party line, Wrights reply was folks talk too much anyway and all he wanted was peace and quiet. When Mr. Hale found Mrs. Wright, she was sitting in her rocking chair looking queer, as if she didnt know what she was going to do next. Hale then went upstairs and discovered Wrights body lying in bed, a rope tied around his neck. Wright had been strangled. The pieces of evidence found in the kitchen by the women paint a picture of a desperate woman who had suffered mental and perhaps physical abuse at the hands of her cruel husband for 30 years. Jars of cherries that Mrs. Wright had preserved were found broken and the women assume it is because of the cold. A roller towel was found dirty, dirty pots under the sink, and a loaf of bread on the table was left to go stale. Mrs. Hale doesnt think Minnie Wright did it because Minnie is still concerned about the household things. She wondered how a person could be strangled without waking up or wakening someone in bed with him. The women find a quilt that Mrs. Wright had been working on and the last stitches are uneven and Mrs. Hale pulls them out. Mrs. Peters finds a birdcage with a broken door hinge that looked as if someone hadShow MoreRelatedTrifles, By Susan Glaspell Essay2136 Words   |  9 Pagesprimarily of a domestic nature. Trifles by Susan Glaspell indicates that a man’s perspective is entirely different from a woman’s. The one-act play, Trifles, is a murder mystery which examines the lives of rural, middle-aged, married, women characters through gender relationships, power between the sexes, and the nature of truth. The play, written in the early 1900s, long before the women’s movement and while men considered women their possessions. In the story of Trifles, it is easy to recognize theRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell1158 Words   |  5 PagesAnalytical Essay on Drama Trifles by Susan Glaspell Heidi Barnard South University Trifles’ By Susan Glaspell I believe had several small defining moments leading to the one larger defining moment, which brings together all of them together. The defining moment is the discovery of the dead bird hidden in the pretty red box, this leads back to smaller points such as her sewing and the bird cage. â€Å" Here’s some red. I expect this has got sewing things in it. (Brings out a fancy box.) What aRead MoreTrifles By Susan Glaspell1000 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, the author presents a predominant  theme of women and femininity. This theme reflects upon the underlying message of the play, that women are not treated fairly and are not seen in the same light as men. Susan Glaspell demonstrates the common assumptions made by men towards women in terms of roles and degrading their value/insight. Throughout the play, Glaspell provides many instances to where a woman’s value or insight is degraded. Hale demonstrates thisRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell604 Words   |  2 Pages Trifles by Susan Glaspell is a one-act play that explores the theme of the gender roles and social positions of men and women in early twentieth-century America. The play is loosely based on the true event of the murder of John Hossack which Glaspell reported on while working as a news journalist in Iowa. Years later, she used her experiences and observations to create the play. Trifles is about solving the murder case of farmer John Wright. While Mr. Wright was asleep in the night, someoneRead MoreTrifles, By Susan Glaspell1034 Words   |  5 Pagessay goes. The 1912 play Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, who was inspired to write this play from a story she covered as a reporter. A murder case is being held and authorities are getting down to it suspecting a woman of killing her husband in his sl eep. The character Mrs. Hale who is neighbors and friends with Mrs. Peters, the sheriff’s wife and Mrs. Wright, the woman accused of the murder of her Husband, Mr. Wright. The character Mrs. Hale, in the Susan Glaspell s play Trifles, is displayed as a empoweringRead MoreTrifles, By Susan Glaspell Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesSusan Glaspell’s one-act play Trifles is based on the murder investigation of John Wright. Minnie Wright’s isolation and the death of her canary are the major factors that led to the murder of her husband. Glaspell stresses the perceived supremacy of males when investigating the murder by giving the men lead roles in the investigation and by making fun of the â€Å"trifles† that the women are choosing to observe. It is ironic because the ordinary items observed by the women were thought of as â€Å"trifles†Read MoreTrifles : Susan Glaspell s Trifles940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a trifle? A trifle is something that ha s little to no importance (dictionary.com). For instance, the color of your nails would be considered a trifle. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, women are criticized and made fun of by men because of the little things they worry about, such as the color of their nails or their hair. This exhibits the gender role difference portrayed during the play’s time period. The central conflict is what the plot is centered around. In Trifles, the central conflictRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1507 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Trifles† is a one act play written by Susan Glaspell in 1916, which was first performed on August 8th by the Provincetown Players in Provincetown, Massachusetts at the Wharf Theater. The author, Susan Glaspell, was born on July 1, 1876 in Davenport, Iowa. Over her lifetime she had become proficient in many different professions: Playwright, Actress, Novelist, and Journalist. For her works, she won an American Pulitzer Prize in 1931. The Provincetown Players was founded by Susan Glaspell and herRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1732 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Glaspell (1876-1948) was an American-born Pulitzer Prize winning writer of both plays and fiction. Glaspell came from humble beginnings and went on to study at Drake University and the University of Chicago. Much of Glaspell s work dealt with the relationships between men and women and the negative effects they have on women. In Glaspell s play Trifles, it is revealed that the operations of patriarchy are just an illusion that men have created to make themselves feel superior to womenRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pages Susan Glaspell’s most memorable one-act play, Trifles (1916) was based on murder trial case that happened in the 1900’s. Glaspell worked as a reporter, where she appointed a report of a murder case. It was about a farmer, John Hossack who was killed while he was asleep in bed one night. His wife claimed that she was asleep next to him when the attack occurred. No one believed in her statement, she was arrested and was charged on first degree murder. In Trifles, the play takes place at an abandon

Aristotle’S Poetics Analysis Essay Example For Students

Aristotle’S Poetics Analysis Essay Is a much-disdained book. So unpatriotic a soul as Aristotle has no business speaking about such a topic, much less telling poets how to go about their business. He reduces the drama to its language, people say, and the language Itself to Its least poetic element, the story, and then he encourages insensitive readers like himself to subject stories to crudely moralistic readings, that reduce tragedies to the childish proportions of Aesop-fables. Strangely, though, the Poetics itself Is rarely read with the kind of sensitivity Its critics claim to possess, and he thing criticized is not the book Aristotle wrote but a caricature of it. Aristotle himself respected Homer so much that he personally corrected a copy of the Iliad for his student Alexander, who carried It all over the world. In his Rhetoric (Ill, xv, 9), Aristotle criticizes orators who write exclusively from the intellect, rather than from the heart, in the way Sophocles makes Antigen speak. Aristotle is often thought of as a logician, but he regularly uses the adverb log ¶s, logically, as a term of reproach contrasted with pushup ¶s, naturally or appropriately, to describe arguments made by there, or preliminary and inadequate arguments of his own. Those who take the trouble to look at the Poetics closely will find, I think, a book that treats Its topic appropriately and naturally, and contains the reflections of a good reader and characteristically powerful thinker. Table of Contents 1. Poetry as Imitation 2. The Character of Tragedy 3. Tragic Catharsis 4. Tragic Pity 5. Tragic Fear and the Image of Humanity 6. The Iliad, the Tempest, and Tragic Wonder 7. Excerpts from Aristotle poetics 8. References and Further Reading The first scandal In the Poetics is the Initial marking out of dramatic poetry as a form f imitation. We call the poet a creator, and are offended at the suggestion that he might be merely some sort of recording device. As the painters eye teaches us how to look and shows us what we never saw, the dramatist presents things that never existed until he imagined them, and makes us experience worlds we could never have found the way to on our own. But Aristotle has no intention to diminish the poet, and In fact says the same thing I just said, in making the point that poetry Is more philosophic than history By imitation, Aristotle does not mean the sort of mimicry by which Aristotelian, say, finds syllables that approximate the sound of frogs. He Is speaking of the Imitation of action, and by action he does not mean mere happenings. Aristotle speaks extensively of praxis in the Mechanical Ethics. It is not a word he uses loosely, and in fact his use of it in the definition of tragedy recalls the discussion In the Ethics. Action, as Aristotle uses the word, refers only to what Is deliberately chosen, and capable of finding completion in the achievement of some purpose. Animals and young children do not act in this sense, and action is not the n human life, and a sense for the actions that are worth paying attention to. They are not present in the world in such a way that a video camera could detect them. An intelligent, feeling, shaping human soul must find them. By the same token, the action of the drama itself is not on the stage. It takes form and has its being in the imagination of the spectator. The actors speak and move and gesture, but it is the poet who speaks through them, from imagination to imagination, to present to us the thing that he has made. Because that thing he makes has the form of an action, it has o be seen and held together Just as actively and attentively by us as by him. The imitation is the thing that is re-produced, in us and for us, by his art. This is a powerful kind of human communication, and the thing imitated is what defines the human realm. If no one had the power to imitate action, life might Just wash over us without leaving any trace. How do I know that Aristotle intends the imitation of action to be understood in this way? In De Anima, he distinguishes three kinds of perception (II, 6; Ill, 3). There is the perception of proper sensible-colors, sounds, tastes and so n; these lie on the surfaces of things and can be mimicked directly for sense perception. But there is also perception of common sensible, available to more than one of our senses, as shape is grasped by both sight and touch, or number by all five senses; these are distinguished by imagination, the power in us that is shared by the five senses, and in which the circular shape, for instance, is not dependent on sight or touch alone. These common sensible can be mimicked in various ways, as when I draw a messy, meandering ridge of chalk on a blackboard, and your imagination rasps a circle. Finally, there is the perception of that of which the sensible qualities are attributes, the thing-the son of Diaries, for example; it is this that we ordinarily mean by perception, and while its object always has an image in the imagination, it can only be distinguished by intellect, noose (111,4). Skilled mimics can imitate people we know, by voice, gesture, and so on, and here already we must engage intelligence and imagination together. The dramatist imitates things more remote from the eye and ear than familiar people. Sophocles and Shakespeare, for example, imitate pentacle and forgiveness, true instances of action in Aristotle sense of the word, and we need all the human powers to recognize what these poets put before us. So the mere phrase imitation of an action is packed with meaning, available to us as soon as we ask what an action is, and how the image of such a thing might be perceived. Aristotle does understand tragedy as a development out of the childs mimicry of animal noises, but that is in the same way that he understands philosophy as a development out of our enjoyment of sight-seeing (Metaphysics l, 1). In each of these developments there is a vast array of possible intermediate stages, but Just as philosophy is the ultimate form of the innate desire to know, tragedy is considered by Aristotle the ultimate form of our innate delight in imitation. His beloved Homer saw and achieved the most important possibilities of the imitation of human action, but it was the tragedians who, refined and intensified the form of that imitation, and discovered its perfection. 2. The Character of Tragedy A work is a tragedy, Aristotle tells us, only if it arouses pity and fear. Why does he single out these two passions? Some interpreters think he means them only as examples-pity and fear and other passions like that-but I am not among those loose but I think he does so only to indicate that pity and fear are not themselves things subject to identification with pin-point precision, but that each refers to a range of feeling. It is Just the feelings in those two ranges, however, that belong to tragedy. Why? Why shouldnt some tragedy arouse pity and Joy, say, and another fear and cruelty? In various places, Aristotle says that it is the mark of an educated person to know what needs explanation and what doesnt. He does not try to prove that there is such a thing as nature, or such a thing as motion, though some people deny both. Likewise, he understands the recognition of a special and powerful form of drama built around pity and fear as the beginning of an inquiry, and spends not one word justifying that restriction. We, however, can see better why he starts there by trying out a few simple alternatives. Suppose a drama aroused pity in a powerful way, but aroused no fear at all. This is an easily recognizable dramatic form, called a tear- jerker. The name is meant to disparage this sort of drama, but why? Imagine a well written, well made play or movie that depicts the losing struggle of a likable central character. We are moved to have a good cry, and are afforded either the relief of a happy ending, or the realistic desolation of a sad one. In the one case the tension built up along the way is released within the experience of the work itself; in the other it passes off as we leave the theater, and readjust our feelings to the fact that it was, after all, only make-believe. What is wrong with that? There is always pleasure in strong emotion, and the theater is a harmless place to indulge it. We may even come out feeling good about being so compassionate. But Dostoevsky depicts a character who loves to cry in the theater, not noticing that while she wallows in her warm feelings her coach-driver is shivering outside. She has day-dreams about relieving suffering humanity, but does nothing to put that vague desire to work. If she is typical, then the tear-jerker is a dishonest form of drama, not even a harmless diversion but an encouragement to lie to oneself. Well then, lets consider the opposite experiment, in which a drama arouses fear in a powerful way, but arouses title or no pity. This is again a readily recognizable dramatic form, called the horror story, or in a recent fashion, the mad-slashes movie. The thrill of fear is the primary object of such amusements, and the story alternates between the build-up of apprehension and the shock of violence. Again, as with the tear-jerker, it doesnt much matter whether it ends happily or with uneasiness, or even with one last shock, so indeterminate is its form. And while the tearjerker gives us an illusion of compassionate delicacy, the unrestrained shock-drama obviously has the effect of coarsening feeling. Genuine human pity could not co-exist with the so-called graphic effects these films use to keep scaring us. The attraction of this kind of amusement is again the thrill of strong feeling, and again the price of indulging the desire for that thrill may be high. Let us consider a milder form of the drama built on arousing fear. There are stories in which fearsome things are threatened or done by characters who are in the end defeated by means similar to, or in some way equivalent to, what they dealt out. The fear is relieved in vengeance, and we feel a satisfaction that we might be inclined to call Justice. To work on the level of feeling, though, Justice must be understood as the exact inverse of the crime-doing to the offender the sort of thing he did or meant to do to others. The imagination of evil then becomes the measure of infliction of pain or death is nothing but a thin veil over the very feelings we mean to be punishing. This is a successful dramatic formula, arousing in us destructive desires that are fun to feel, along with the self-righteous illusion that we are really superior to the character who displays them. The playwright who makes us feel that way will probably be popular, but he is a menace. We have looked at three kinds of non-tragedy that arouse passions in a destructive way, and we could add others. There are potentially as many kinds as there are passions and combinations of passions. That suggests that the theater is Just an arena for the manipulation of passions in ways that are pleasant in the short run and at least reckless to pursue repeatedly. At worst, the drama could be seen as dealing in a kind of addiction, which it both produces and holds the only remedy for. But we have not yet tried to talk about the combination of passions characteristic of tragedy. When we turn from the sort of examples I have given, to the acknowledged examples of tragedy, we find ourselves in a different world. The tragedians I have in mind are five: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides; Shakespeare, who differs from them only in time; and Homer, who differs from them somewhat more, in the form in which he composed, but shares with them the things that matter most. I could add other authors, such as Dostoevsky, who wrote stories of the tragic kind in much looser literary forms, but I want to keep the focus on a small number of clear paradigms. When we look at a raggedy we find the chorus in Antigen telling us what a strange thing a human being is, that passes beyond all boundaries (lines 332 if. ), or King Lear asking if man is no more than this, a poor, bare, forked animal (Ill, v, off. ), or Macbeth protesting to his wife l dare do all that may become a man; who dares do more is none (l, vii, 47-8), or Oedipus taunting Terrifies with the fact that divine art was of no use against the Sphinx, but only Oedipus own human ingenuity (Ode. Try. 9098), or Agamemnon, resisting walking home on tapestries, saying to his wife l tell you to revere me as a an, not a god (925), or Cadmium in the Beach saying l am a man, nothing more (199), while Dionysus tells Penthouse Mimi do not know what you are (506), or Patrols telling Achilles Pulses was not your father nor Thesis your mother, but the gray sea bore you, and the towering rocks, so hard is your heart (Iliad WI, 335 ). I could add more examples of this kind by the dozen, and your memories will supply others. Walt Whitman the poet of American inclusion EssayTragedy is about central and indispensable human attributes, disclosed to us by the pity that draws us toward them and the fear that makes us recoil from what threatens them. Because the suffering of the tragic figure splays the boundaries of what is human, every tragedy carries the sense of universality. Oedipus or Antigen or Lear or Othello is somehow every one of us, only more so. But the mere mention of these names makes it obvious that they are not generalized characters, but altogether particular. And if we did not feel that they were genuine individuals, they would have no power to engage our emotions. It is by their particularity that they make their marks on us, as though we had encountered them in the flesh. It is only through the particularity of our feelings that our bonds with them emerge. What we care for and cherish makes us pity them and fear for them, and thereby the reverse also happens: our feelings of pity and fear make us recognize what we care for and cherish. When the tragic figure is destroyed it is a piece of ourselves that is lost. Yet we never feel desolation at the end of a tragedy, paradox, but to describe a marvel. It is not so strange that we learn the worth of something by losing it; what is astonishing is what the tragedians are able to achieve by making use of that common experience. They lift it up into a state of wonder. Within our small group of exemplary poetic works, there are two that do not have the raging form, and hence do not concentrate all their power into putting us in a state of wonder, but also depict the state of wonder among their characters and contain speeches that reflect on it. They are Homers Iliad and Shakespearean Tempest. Incidentally, there is an excellent small book called Woe or Wonder, the Emotional Effect of Shakespearean Tragedy, by J. V. Cunningham, that demonstrates the continuity of the traditional understanding of tragedy from Aristotle to Shakespeare. ) The first poem in our literary heritage, and Shakespearean last play, both belong to a investigation of which Aristotle Poetics is the most prominent part. 6. The Iliad, the Tempest, and Tragic Wonder In b oth the Iliad and the Tempest there are characters with arts that in some ways resemble that of the poet. It is much noticed that Prospered farewell to his art coincides with Shakespearean own, but it may be less obvious that Homer has put into the Iliad a partial representation of himself. But the last 150 lines of Book XVIII of the Iliad describe the making of a work of art by Hyphenates. I will not consider here what is depicted on the shield of Achilles, but only the meaning in the poem of the held itself. In Book XVIII, Achilles has realized what mattered most to him when it is too late. The Greeks are driven back to their ships, as Achilles had prayed they would be, and know that they are lost without him. But what pleasure is this to me now, he says to his mother, when my beloved friend is dead, Patrols, whom I cherished beyond all friends, as the equal of my own soul; I am bereft of him (80-82). Those last words also mean l have killed him. In his desolation, Achilles has at last chosen to act. l will accept my doom, he says (115 Thesis goes to Hyphenates because, in pits of his resolve, Achilles has no armor in which to meet his fate. She tells her sons story, concluding he is lying on the ground, anguishing at heart (461). Her last word, anguishing, ache ¶n, is built on Achilles name. Now listen to what Hyphenates says in reply: Take courage, and do not let these things distress you in your heart. Would that I had the power to hide him far away from death and the sounds of grief when grim fate comes to him, but I can see that beautiful armor surrounds him, of such a kind that many people, one after another, who look on it, will wonder (463-67). Is it not evident that this source of wonder that surrounds Achilles, that takes the sting from his death even in a mothers heart, is the Iliad itself? But how does the Iliad accomplish this? Let us shift our attention for a moment to the Tempest. The character Alonso, in the power of the magician Prospers, spends the length of the play in the illusion that his son has drowned. To have him alive again, Alonso says, l wish Myself were muddied in that oozy bed Where my son lies (V, I, But he has already been there for three hours in his imagination; he says earlier my son I the ooze is bedded; and Ill seek him deeper than oer plummet sounded And with him there lie muddied (Ill, iii, 100-2). What is this muddy ooze? It is Alonso grief, and his regret for exposing his son to danger, and his self-reproach for his own past crime against Prospers and Prospered baby daughter, which made his son a Just target for only comes after he has lost the thing he cares most about. But the spirit Ariel sings a song to Alonso son: Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his eyes; Nothing of him that doth fade But doth suffer a EAI change Into something rich and strange (l, it, 397-402). Alonso grief is aroused by an illusion, an imitation of an action, but his repentance is real, and is slowly transforming him into a different man. Who is this new man? Let us take counsel from the honest old councilor Gonzalez, who always has the clearest sight in the play. He tells us that on this voyage, when so much seemed lost, every traveler found himself When no man was his own (V, I, 206-13). The something rich and strange into which Alonso changes is himself, as he was before his life took a wrong turn. Prospered magic does no more than arrest people in a potent illusion; in his power they are knit up In their distractions (Ill, iii, 89-90). When released, he says, they shall be themselves (V, I, 32). On virtually every page of the Tempest, the word wonder appears, or else some synonym for it. Marinaras name is Latin for wonder, her favorite adjective brave seems to mean both good and out-of-the-ordinary, and the combination rich and strange means the same. What is wonder? J. V. Cunningham describes it in the book I mentioned as the shocked limit of all feeling, in which fear, sorrow, and Joy can all merge. There is some truth in that, but it misses what is wonderful or wondrous about wonder. It suggests that in wonder our feelings are numbed and we are left limp, wrung dry of all emotion. But wonder is itself a feeling, the one to which Miranda is always giving voice, the powerful sense that what is before one is both strange and good. Wonder does not numb the other feelings; what it does is dislodge them from their habitual moorings. The experience of wonder is the disclosure of a sight or thought or image that fits no habitual context of feeling or understanding, but grabs and holds us by a power borrowed from nothing part from itself. The two things that Plotting says characterize beauty, that the soul recognizes it at first glance and spontaneously gives welcome to it, equally describe the experience of wonder. The beautiful always produces wonder, if it is seen as beautiful, and the sense of wonder always sees beauty. But are there really no wonders that are ugly? The monstrosities that used to be exhibited in circus side- shows are wonders too, are they not? In the Tempest, three characters think first of all of such spectacles when they lay eyes on Caliber (II, I, 28-31; V, I, 263-6), but they re incapable of wonder, since they think they know everything that matters already. A fourth character in the same batch, who is drunk but not insensible, gives way at the end of Act II to the sense that this is not Just someone strange and deformed, nor just a useful servant, but a brave monster. But Stephan is not like the holiday fools who pay to see monstrosities like two-headed calves or exotic sights like wild men of Borneo. I recall an aquarium somewhere in Europe that had on display an astoundingly ugly catfish. People came casually up to its tank, were startled, made kisses of disgust, and turned away. Even to be arrested before such a sight feels in some way perverse and has some conflict in the feeling it arouses, as when we stare at the victims of a car wreck. The sight of the ugly or disgusting, when it is felt as such, does not have the settled repose or willing surrender that are characteristic of wonder. Wonder is sweet, as Aristotle says. This sweet contemplation of something in every other respect he is a model of the spectator of a tragedy. We are in the power of another for awhile, the sight of an illusion works real and durable changes n us, we merge into something rich and strange, and what we find by being absorbed in the image of another is ourselves. A s Alonso is shown a mirror of his soul by Prospers, we are shown a mirror of ourselves in Alonso, but in that mirror we see ourselves as we are not in witnessing the Tempest, but in witnessing . A tragedy. The Tempest is a beautiful play, suffused with wonder as well as with reflections on wonder, but it holds the intensity of the tragic experience at a distance. Homer, on the other hand, has pulled off a feat even more astounding than Shakespearean, by imitating the experience of a spectator of tragedy within a story that itself works on us as a tragedy. In Book XIV of the Iliad, forms of the word than boss, amazement, occur three times in three lines (482-4), when Prima suddenly appears in the hut of Achilles and kisses the terrible man-slaughtering hands that killed his many sons (478-9), but this is only the prelude to the true wonder. Achilles and Prima cry together, each for his own grief, as each has cried so often before, but this time a miracle happens. Achilles grief is transformed into satisfaction, and cleansed from is chest and his hands (513-14). This is all the more remarkable, since Achilles has for days been repeatedly trying to take out his raging grief on Hectors dead body. The famous first word of the Iliad, mints, wrath, has come back at the beginning of Book XIV in the participle Maine ¶n (22), a constant condition that Loiterer translates well as standing fury. But all this hardened rage evaporates in one lamentation, Just because Achilles shares it with his enemys father. Hermes had told Prima to appeal to Achilles in the names of his father, his mother, and his child, in order to stir his heart (466-7), but Prisms focused misery goes straight to Achilles heart without diluting the effect. The first words out of Prisms mouth are remember your father (486). Your father deserves pity, Prima says, so pity me with him in mind, since I am more pitiful even than he; I have dared what no other mortal on earth ever dared, to stretch out my lips to the hand of the man who murdered my children (503-4). Achilles had been pitying Patrols, but mainly himself, but the feeling to which Prima has directed him now is exactly the same as tragic pity. Achilles is looking at a human being who has chosen to go to the limits of what is humanly possible to search for something that matters to him. The wonder of this sight takes Achilles out of his self-pity, but back into himself as a son and as a sharer of human misery itself. All his old longings for glory and revenge fall away, since they have no place in the sight in which he is now absorbed. For the moment, the beauty of Prisms terrible action re-makes the world, and determines what matters and what doesnt. The feeling in this moment out of time is fragile, and Achilles feels it heartened by tragic fear.

Salome Review Essay Example

Salome Review Paper Essay on Salome Salome one of the books that I have no reservations call genius. Why? Perhaps the entire cause completely unique creation of the author, devoid of clichà ©s and abrasions? Perfect style? Maybe We will write a custom essay sample on Salome Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Salome Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Salome Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer greatness and high world the authors thoughts? Or depth, and even bottomless embedded philosophy? Yes! Of course, yes! But thats not all! Dramatically intense action, almost too immerses the reader in the book generates the desire to re-read the play immediately after its completion. From books Wilde breathtaking, and the intensity and sincerity of feeling shown makes the heart pounding harder. Unforgettable The beauty and elegance of style will satisfy gourmets language. lyricism and melodiousness will appeal to lovers of poetry, masterfully written out storyline will attract fans of action, rather than contemplation. An unusual, non-standard interpretation of the Christian legend allow you to see the new in the famous. Sharpened psychology inherent in the book achieved Wilde by truly incredible attention to detail and the emphasis in the speech of the characters. The luxury of colors, richness and elegance, which are d strength is not every artist words do play perfect, which side do not look. Sometimes it seems that the human tongue big enough for Wilde, so subtly, he chooses his words to transmit all colors and iridescence state of mind, emotional outbursts and impulses of his characters Elegance and aesthetics, not knowing borders, intricate and bizarre linguistic resources may seem unnecessary and unnatural, but who would think to accuse nature of that tropical colors are too bright and the sea so fascinating changeable and perfectly The phenomenon Wilde is that any person who is not devoid of chuvst va nice, just can not get past the fragile tie of images and thoughts, the atmosphere, which disintegrates into separate gems when you try to understand it and dissect him. After all, only in his integrity they form a crown on the brow of genius. Clean and defect in the play have merged in the divine dance and spawned masterpiece that can not be described as to convey to the full his epic and priceless. Salome Wilde I can compare with the jewelry. It seems ancient and magical, even though it was created just over a century ago. Bright, like its author, the play ever broke into my vision of a perfect product.

Free Essays on The Color Puple

Alice Walker’s The Color Purple presents the life-long struggle of Celie, a black Georgia woman, who yearns to obtain confidence and self-esteem. During the early stages of the novel, references to wagons are made, signifying the â€Å"old days,† whereas towards the end of the work automobiles surface. Though Walker never discusses any specific time or place where the story actually occurs, the change in transportation suggests about a forty-year span of Celie’s life, from the beginning of the novel until the end. Written in first person, Celie writes a series of letters to God, explaining the torture that she faces, and begging him for some form of mercy. After years of abuse, both physically and emotionally, Celie discovers herself searching for some self-respect. Fonso, Celie’s abusive father, forces her to marry Albert, also abusive by nature. Celie finds a degree of hope through the depiction of Albert’s mistress, Shug. Shug serves as a tremendous force in Celie’s attainment of confidence, as the two eventually form a strong bond. Celie’s sister, Nettie, intelligent and caring who â€Å"mean[s] everything in the world† to Celie, also faces many of the same obstacles that Celie does, but Nettie first helps Celie overcome hers. As time passes, Celie gains more and more self-respect as well as some respect from others. The central theme flowing throughout the work remains that man often defeats his problems through the nurturing of close intimate relationships. The bond between Shug and Celie allows Celie to conquer her passive behavior. Likewise, her relationship with Nettie also instills a strong sense of courage and self-esteem within Celie. Celie refuses to allow the horrible deeds of the men in her life to control her towards the latter stages of the novel. The intimate relationships that Celie shares with both the energetic Shug and the loving Nettie provides Celie with hope that she will one day come out of her pa... Free Essays on The Color Puple Free Essays on The Color Puple Alice Walker’s The Color Purple presents the life-long struggle of Celie, a black Georgia woman, who yearns to obtain confidence and self-esteem. During the early stages of the novel, references to wagons are made, signifying the â€Å"old days,† whereas towards the end of the work automobiles surface. Though Walker never discusses any specific time or place where the story actually occurs, the change in transportation suggests about a forty-year span of Celie’s life, from the beginning of the novel until the end. Written in first person, Celie writes a series of letters to God, explaining the torture that she faces, and begging him for some form of mercy. After years of abuse, both physically and emotionally, Celie discovers herself searching for some self-respect. Fonso, Celie’s abusive father, forces her to marry Albert, also abusive by nature. Celie finds a degree of hope through the depiction of Albert’s mistress, Shug. Shug serves as a tremendous force in Celie’s attainment of confidence, as the two eventually form a strong bond. Celie’s sister, Nettie, intelligent and caring who â€Å"mean[s] everything in the world† to Celie, also faces many of the same obstacles that Celie does, but Nettie first helps Celie overcome hers. As time passes, Celie gains more and more self-respect as well as some respect from others. The central theme flowing throughout the work remains that man often defeats his problems through the nurturing of close intimate relationships. The bond between Shug and Celie allows Celie to conquer her passive behavior. Likewise, her relationship with Nettie also instills a strong sense of courage and self-esteem within Celie. Celie refuses to allow the horrible deeds of the men in her life to control her towards the latter stages of the novel. The intimate relationships that Celie shares with both the energetic Shug and the loving Nettie provides Celie with hope that she will one day come out of her pa...

ACT Test day tips

SAT / ACT Test Day Tips - What to Do to Prep the Night Before the SAT / ACT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's finally here! Your SAT / ACT is this Saturday! We atPrepScholarwant to make sure yourtestday goes well, so here are some tips.Feel free to forward this to your friends if you think it's helpful! Dealing with Pre-ACT / SAT Nervousness and Anxiety It's inevitable that you'll feel a little nervous before the test. After all, this is an important test. However, you definitely don't want to get into your own head. The best way to combat nervousness is to evaluate all the work you've done. If you've been working hard with a prep program, you'll already be way ahead. You'll know exactly what kinds of questions are going to appear, you'll know what your strengths are, and there will only be few surprises. Furthermore, if you're a junior or younger, it's likely that you'll have many more chances to take this test. Even if you don't do as well as you'd like on this test, you'll be able to take it again. Don't get nervous during the test, either. It's easy to get flustered when you get stuck on a question, or get a string of questions that you can't answer.This is how the ACT and SAT are designed.Theywantto trip you up like this so you start making mistakes. So don't let them win–don't get nervous. It's hard to predict how you're doing on the test overall based on a few questions. What's important is that you stay strong throughout the entire 4-hour test. Imagine yourselfcrushingthe ACT / SAT. Positive thoughts directly improve performance. The Day Before the ACT / SAT The day before thetest, you generally want to be relaxing. Sure, take some time to study lightly - review flashcards or lessons - but as a rule of thumb, don't study more than 2 hours. Instead, spend some time doing relaxing activities (think long bath, not intense video games). Also, make sure you get enough sleep, at least 7 hours but no more than 9 hours.This might mean getting to bed one to two hours earlier than normal, and letting your natural sleep cycle take over. Wake Up Early Set your alarm clock for two hours before thetesttime.If you want, set another backup clock for 5 minutes later.Your brain takes up to two hours to fully wake up, and you don't want to be starting theteston a cold engine. Do some jumping jacks to get the blood flowing, and then take a shower to be clean for thetest.Eat a full breakfast high in complex carbs like whole grain cereal or toast and low in sugars like maple syrup.Follow your normal coffee routine if you don't drink it most days, then you shouldn't today either. Wear Comfortable Layered Clothing Today's not the day for fashion.Wear practical clothing in layers, so you can take off layers if the room is too warm, or put more on if it's cold.A good set is t-shirt, pajama pants or jeans, sneakers, and a sweatshirt. Make Sure You Have Everything, Including Snacks What you need: your printed admissions ticket, multiple number 2 pencils, an raser, your photo ID, a calculator, a watch, a bottle of water, and a snack (I recommend a granola bar or trail mix). Put everything in a bag or your backpack the day before, so you have zero surprises the morning of the test. Warm up with a Few Problems If time allows before your test, try two problems from each section just to get used to doing problems. Get those juices flowing. Test Center Best Practices: Get there early, and focus on yourself Get there early aim to be there at least fifteen minutes earlier than the recommended time.You don't want the panic that comes with getting to your test late. Use Google Maps to find directions the day before, and if you're not driving yourself, make sure you and your driver (often a parent) coordinate on your schedule. When you get to the test center, you might see your friends. Say hello, but don't linger to chat. Often you'll make each other more nervous. Instead, say "I'd really like to focus now, let's chat after the test?" It might be weird in the moment, but you don't need distractions. Take the Breaks About halfway through, even if you don't feel the need to, take a break to use the restroom, drink a sip of water, and down your snack.You'll thank yourself later. Like this? Subscribe to our blog on the right hand side on top to get more great tips about what to do after you get your score back! Other links you might like: Future SAT Test Dates What to do in case you get a low SAT / ACT score Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

COMMUNITY POLICING Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

COMMUNITY POLICING - Term Paper Example of partner in community policing, application of window broken approach in community policing and relation of community policing and the Chicago department of police. Community policing is used to decrease the increasing rate of crime with the help of people. Community policing is also known as neighborhood policing. It highlights one important idea that it can reduce the crime by demanding the active involvement of people in the process of detectiing a crime. It addresses the issues of crime in the society, the fear of people about the crime, criminals and vandals in the society, problems and issues taking place where the attention of the police is not reached. This notion is designed to work with the use of organizational strategies making sure the involvement of people in a systematic way and by the use of problem solving techniques. Therefore it can address the immediate problems of society and will help to keep the social order in the desired way. Over the last twenty five years, the notion of community policing has been evolving and it has grabbed the attention of the state government in America. The violent crime control and Law enforcement was enacted in the United States in 1994 and it ordered to create a community police who are supposed to work in the community areas encouraging the involvement of people in that particular area to reduce crime and bring social order and harmony. â€Å"In addition, a new agency, the Office of Community Oriented Police Services (COPS), was created to carry out this mission, and to administer extensive funding and implementation of community policing programs across the country. According to the latest estimates, community policing is widespread, with approximately 80 percent of larger municipal and county police departments employing an average of twenty or more community policing officers.† (Willis). â€Å"A community policing concept paper is created with a vision statement definition of community policing, an outline of

Human Sexuality Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Sexuality Book Review - Essay Example s up the interesting possibility that other cultures may consider Western sexuality to be odd or abnormal, in much the same way as earlier writers on sexuality have tended to accept the Western model as normal, while sexual patterns in other cultures are viewed as strange and exotic. This book is very useful to a reader because it offers a more composite human framework of sexuality rather than a model dominated by Western thought patterns. The authors view sexuality as a primitive heritage which has evolved over the course of time, both physically and behaviorally, as a means to cope with the changes taking place in the immediate environment. The focus of this book is this on the elements that all human being share in common as one species rather than in highlighting and focusing upon the differences in sexual behavioral patterns and attitudes across different countries in the world. Such differences, even where they occur, are to be understood and appreciated and used as a means to enhance out understanding of ourselves as different yet related groups within the same species. 2. This book also goes into an indepth discussion of sexual behavior in human beings. It covers many of the important issues such as the anatomy of the male and female bodies, puberty and adolescence and the sexual changes that occur during this period, pregnancy and childbirth and as well as issues related to the nature of sexuality as it changes with ageing. The book also discussed sexual positions and how sexual foreplay and mating patterns have developed in the human race over the course of our evolution from primates. What is fresh and different about this book however is that it examines these issues from an anthropological perspective, where the cultural context is also taken into consideration rather than viewing sexual progression over the life cycle as being an isolated event. In describing the development of sexuality and especially the institution of marriage, the book

Pocahontas Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pocahontas Analysis Essay Pocahontas Analysis I believe that the disney movie Pocahontas is very inaccurate because of all the details that dont match up with the actual story. Parts involving Pocahontas age, the relationship between John smith and Pocahontas, John Smiths capture and the method of communication between Pocahontas and John Smith are told differently in the movie than in the sources Ive read from. The purpose of this analysis is to inform the reader of all the mistruths in the movie that some people may have perceived as true. Some of the only accurate parts in the movie are that John Smith was indeed about to be executed by the Powhatan and that Jamestown was founded in 1607. Besides these two facts, I believe that the rest of the movie is too warped from the real version. In the movie, John Smith first meets Pocahontas, falls in love with her and is then captured by the Powhatan, but according to the article, he meets Pocahontas after he is captured leading an expedition in search of food on December of 1607. In the movie, Kocoum is shot dead by Thomas after Kocoum attacks John Smith, but in actuality, Kocoum went on to marry Pocahontas. Also in the movie, John Smith is about to be executed because he supposedly killed Kocoum, but the the article says that the execution was just a ritual performed by the Powhatan. The Pocahontas article talks about how John Smith was injured by a gunpowder explosion, whereas in the movie, the Governor shoots John Smith while aiming for the Powhatan chief. The movie ends when John Smith must go back to England to be treated for his wound inflicted upon him by the Governor. This first source already unveils many of the inaccuracies in the movie. The Pocahontas letter, which is from John Smiths point of view, greatly favors Pocahontas. John Smith even calls her an instrument of God. In the letter though, John Smith describes his execution as real and that Pocahontas hazarded the beating out of her own body to save his own. In the article, Smith was first welcomed by the great chief and offered a feast. Then he was grabbed and forced to stretch out on two large, flat stones, but in the letter, John Smith says that he was ordered to be executed by the chief after eating with the savages for six weeks. Both of these situations were said to be told by John Smith himself, but we may never know the truth. The three portraits of Pocahontas that I saw, were very different from what Pocahontas looked like in the movie. In the engraving portrait, Pocahontas almost looked like a man. In the other two portraits, she at least looked like a woman, but it was nothing close to how she was portrayed in the Disney Movie. As you can see, there are many more inaccurate events in the movie than accurate ones. Many kids may grow up believing that the Disney story of Pocahontas is the true story of Pocahontas. What they dont know is that although Pocahontas is based on a true story, barely anything about the movie is true. Overall, the Disney version of Pocahontas seems like a work of fiction to me, whose sole purpose is to entertain young audiences.

Chinese Peasants and Communism ::

The Communist revolution in China was loosely based on the revolution in Russia. Russia was able to implement the beginnings of Marxist Communism in the way that it was intended They had a large working class of factory workers, known as the proletariat, that were able to band together and rise up to overthrow the groups of rich property owners, known as the bourgeoisie. The communist party wanted to adopted this same Marxist sense of revolution, but they realized that there were some fatal flaws in the differences between the two countries. The first was that there was not the same sense of class difference between people, yes there were peasants and landowners but there was not a sense of a class struggle. The other difference was that China was not industrialized like Russia so there was no proletariat group, as defined by Marxism, to draw the revolution from. What the Chinese Communists needed to do is re-define the proletariat for their situation, who they looked at were the pe asants. To see how the Communists looked at the peasants the anarchist view needs to be considered as it can be argued the the anarchists were a precursor to the Communists in the view of peasants. The anarchists tried to instil the idea of class struggle by saying the peasant revolution is showing resistance to taxes and opposition to the government and landlords. By showing opposition to taxes and the government the anarchists tried to bring about collapse due to lack of money which would in turn bring about a communitarian property system where the peasants would share land. The anarchists also did not seem that it was a stretch that peasants could be united citing that villages will work to protect their own, so if the idea can spread that all peasants are one big village that they would be able to unite. Mao Zedong held a very similar belief when he was left in charge of the peasant revolution in his home province of Hunan. Rather than have the peasants in silent protests against the government he advocated terror attacks against the landowners and officials. This was completely against Chinese tradition which favors more moderate action and an emphasis on harmony. Mao believed that with these â€Å"terror attacks† by the peasants, or as he called it their revolutionary potential, that the party can assume a leadership role. Without these acts of violence, without using the fullness of their strength, Mao believes that the peasants could never overthrow the authority of the landowning class.

Government Debt Placement Essay

If a central bank has this responsibility, it is expected to place government debt on the most favourable terms possible. Essentially, a government can instruct the central bank to raise seigniorage income43 through a variety of methods, which include a reserve ratio (requiring banks to set aside a certain percentage of their deposits as non-interestearning reserves held at the central bank – an implicit tax), interest ceilings, issuing new currency at a rate of exchange that effectively lowers the value of old notes, subsidising loans to state owned enterprises and/or allowing bankrupt state firms that have defaulted (or failed to make interest payments) on their loans to continue operating. Or, the inflationary consequences of an ongoing liberal monetary policy will reduce the real value of government debt. This third objective is important in emerging markets, but by the close of the 20th century has become less critical than the other two functions in the industrialised world, where policies to control government spending means there is less government debt to place. A notable recent exception is Japan, where the debt to GDP ratio is 145 and rising (2002 figures). In emerging markets, central banks are usually expected to fulfil all three objectives – ensuring financial and price stability, and assisting the government in the management of a sizeable government debt. While all three are critical for the development of an efficient financial system, the central banks of these countries face an immense task, which they are normally poorly equipped to complete because of inferior technology and chronic shortages of well-trained staff. The Bank of England had a long tradition of assuming responsibility for all three functions, but in 1997 the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced the imminent separation of thethree functions, leaving the Bank of England with responsibility over monetary policy the FSA44 regulates financial institutions, including consumer protection and prudential control of the banking sector. The Japanese government created the Financial Supervisory Agency in 1997, to supervise banks and other financial institutions. Part of the Prime Minister’s office, this Agency has taken over the job previously undertaken by the Ministry of Finance and Banking of Japan. The United States assigns responsibility for prudential regulation to several organisations including the Federal Reserve, Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Federal Reserve also sets an independent monetary policy. Until France became part of Euroland, the 20 000 plus employees of the Banque du France played a dual role: implementing monetary policy and regulating/supervising the banking system. In Germany, since the advent of the euro, the Bundesbank has lost its raison d’?etre, and has lobbyied hard to assume a regulatory role. There are potential conflicts if one institution is responsible for the three objectives of price stability, prudential regulation and government debt placement. Given the inverse relationship between the price of bonds and interest rates, a central bank with control over government debt policy might be tempted to avoid raising interest rates (to control inflation) because it would reduce the value of the bank’s debt portfolio. Or, it might increase liquidity to ease the placement of government debt, which might put it at odds with an inflation policy. Consider a country experiencing a number of bank failures, which, in turn, threaten the viability of the financial system. If the central bank is responsible for the maintenance of financial stability in the economy, it may decide to inject liquidity to try and stem the tide of bank failures. It does this by increasing the money supply and/or reducing interest rates, so stimulating demand. The policy should reduce the number of bankruptcies (personal and corporate), thereby relieving the pressure on the banking system. However, if the central bank’s efforts to shore up the banking system are prolonged, this may undermine the objective of achieving price stability. Continuous expansionary monetary policy may cause inflation if the rate of growth in the money supply exceeds the rate of growth of national output. The central bank may be faced with a conflict of interest: does it concentrate on the threat to the financial system or is priority given to control of inflation? The dilemma may explain the recent trend to separate them. If the central bank is not responsible for financial stability, it can pursue the objective of price stability unhindered.

HTTrack Essay

During this week I had the pleasure of using HTTrack. I found that HTTrack is a program that works like an offline browser and allows you to download a World Wide Web site from the internet. The downloaded site can be directed to a local directory, building recursively all directories, getting HTML, images, and other files from the server to your computer. I had HTTrack mirror the site www. certifiedhacker. com and it allowed me to browse the site from link to link, as if I were viewing it online. My local website compared to the actual website was very accurate. The links in the local website function just as well as the links in the actual website. The local websites structure is identical or very near identical to the actual website. As shown in the picture above HTTrack is transferring the data of the acutal site (www. certifiedhacker. com) to the mirrored site in my local directory. This tool can be used to allow an attacker to gather information about a target. When an attacker mirrors a site using HTTrack they will create an exact duplicate of the website which can be used to deceive the users of that website. For example, a hacker can mirror a site and use the mirrored sites login screen or applications to gather information about the website user. The user would enter sensitive data such as passwords, bank account numbers and credit cards, believing that the site is legitimate. All of this information is actually input onto the mirrored site and now the hackers have gathered information about their target.

Free Essays on Motorola

TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES Starting in 1970’s Motorola has concentrated its energies on high-technology markets mainly in commercial, industrial, and government fields. Commercial Motorola’s first product was a â€Å"battery eliminator, â€Å" allowing consumers to operate radios directly from household current instead of the batteries supplied with early models. In the 1930’s, the company successfully commercialized car radios under the brand name â€Å"Motorola,† a word suggesting sound in motion. By the end of 1980’s, Motorola had become the premier worldwide supplier of cellular telephones and in 1996 produced the 3.1 ounce, pocket-sized StarTAC wearable cellular telephone. The Accomli 008 wireless phone that contains a touch-screen display with handwriting-recognition software in eight languages was invented by Motorola. It features fast access to Internet documents via General Packet Radio Service technology. Similarly, the Timeport 7392i came out. It was the first General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) cellular phone available in North America. GPRS wireless phones offer consumers always-on access to the Internet. Motorola’s V70 cellular phone was the first to use a rotating cover and circular display. The i1000plus handset was the first to integrate a digital phone, two-way radio and alphanumeric pager with Internet microbrowser, e-mail, fax and two-way messaging capabilities. Government During the decade of the 1940’s, the company began government work and opened a research laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona, to explore solid-state electronics. By 1959, Motorola was a leader in military communication and has built its first semiconductor. Motorola helps Federal Government agencies from civil to law enforcement and military to manage ever-increasing complexity by offering wireless communication solutions. Industrial Motorola Life Sciences introduced its first commercial eSensor DNA Biochip Array. The chip he... Free Essays on Motorola Free Essays on Motorola TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES Starting in 1970’s Motorola has concentrated its energies on high-technology markets mainly in commercial, industrial, and government fields. Commercial Motorola’s first product was a â€Å"battery eliminator, â€Å" allowing consumers to operate radios directly from household current instead of the batteries supplied with early models. In the 1930’s, the company successfully commercialized car radios under the brand name â€Å"Motorola,† a word suggesting sound in motion. By the end of 1980’s, Motorola had become the premier worldwide supplier of cellular telephones and in 1996 produced the 3.1 ounce, pocket-sized StarTAC wearable cellular telephone. The Accomli 008 wireless phone that contains a touch-screen display with handwriting-recognition software in eight languages was invented by Motorola. It features fast access to Internet documents via General Packet Radio Service technology. Similarly, the Timeport 7392i came out. It was the first General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) cellular phone available in North America. GPRS wireless phones offer consumers always-on access to the Internet. Motorola’s V70 cellular phone was the first to use a rotating cover and circular display. The i1000plus handset was the first to integrate a digital phone, two-way radio and alphanumeric pager with Internet microbrowser, e-mail, fax and two-way messaging capabilities. Government During the decade of the 1940’s, the company began government work and opened a research laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona, to explore solid-state electronics. By 1959, Motorola was a leader in military communication and has built its first semiconductor. Motorola helps Federal Government agencies from civil to law enforcement and military to manage ever-increasing complexity by offering wireless communication solutions. Industrial Motorola Life Sciences introduced its first commercial eSensor DNA Biochip Array. The chip he...

Profile of Murder Victim Carlie Brucia

Profile of Murder Victim Carlie Brucia On Sunday, February 1, 2004, in Sarasota, Florida, 11-year-old Carlie Jane Brucia was on her way home from a sleepover at her friends house. Her stepfather, Steve Kansler, was on his way to pick her up en route, but never found her. Carlie, deciding to cut through a car wash not far from her home, was approached by a man and led away, never to be seen alive again. The surveillance camera at the car wash showed a man in a uniform type shirt approaching Carlie, saying something to her, and then leading her away. NASA, with some technology used in the investigation of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, assisted the investigation by working with the video to enhance the image. The FBI also worked to help find Brucia and the man who abducted her. After receiving tips as to the identification of the man, the Sarasota police questioned Joseph P. Smith, who had been in their custody on an unrelated parole violation charge since the day after Carlie was abducted. A woman who said she lived with Smith was one of the tipsters who contacted the police. Smith refused to admit to any involvement with Carlie Brucias disappearance. On February 6, it was announced that Carlie Brucias body had been found. She had been murdered and left in a church parking lot just miles from her home. A History of Kidnapping Joseph Smith, a 37-year old car mechanic, and father of three who had been arrested at least thirteen times in Florida since 1993, and had been previously charged with kidnapping and false imprisonment, was held in custody as the main suspect in the murder of Carlie Brucia. On February 20, Smith was indicted on a first-degree murder and separate charges of kidnapping and capital sexual battery was filed by the Florida attorneys office. The Trial During the trial, the jury saw the videotape and heard testimony from several witnesses who said they recognized Smith when they saw the video on television. The video also picked up tattoos on Smiths arm, which were identified during the trial. The videotape was not the only evidence linking Smith to the crime. DNA evidence was presented that identified semen found on the girls clothes matching that of Smith. The jury also heard testimony from Smiths brother, John Smith, who led police to Carlies body near a church after his brother confessed to the crime to him during a jail visit. He told jurors that his brother told him that he had rough sex with the 11-year-old Sarasota girl before he strangled her to death. He also  testified that he had recognized his brother in the videotape that pictured Carlie being lead away by a man behind a car wash. Closing Arguments During Prosecutor Craig Schaeffers closing statement, he reminded jurors of the videotape showing Smith leading Carlie Brucia away, and to Smiths DNA found on her shirt and of the taped admissions that he killed her. How do we know this man killed Carlie? Schaeffer asked the jurors. He told us. Smiths defense attorney shocked the courtroom when he declined to give a  closing statement. Your honor, opposing counsel, members of the jury, we waive closing argument, Adam Tebrugge said. Found Guilty On October 24, 2005, a Sarasota, Florida jury took less than six hours to find Joseph P. Smith guilty of first-degree murder, sexual battery, and kidnapping of Carlie Brucia. In December  2005, the jury voted 10 to 2 for the death sentence. During a hearing in February 2006, Smith cried while apologizing to the court for murdering  Brucia and said that he tried to kill himself by taking overdoses of heroin and cocaine on the day of the murder. He also asked the judge to spare his life for the sake of his family. Sentencing On March 15, 2006, Circuit Court Judge Andrew Owens sentenced Smith to life in prison without the possibility of parole for assault and kidnapping. Carlie endured unspeakable trauma, which began at the time of her kidnapping, Owens said before the sentencing. The image of the defendant taking her arm and leading her away no doubt will forever be etched in our minds...During the sexual and physical abuse, Carlie was subjected to, at 11 years of age, there is no doubt she was aware of her dire predicament and that she had little or no hope of survival...Her death was consciousless and pitiless ... calculated and premeditated. He then sentenced Joseph P. Smith to death by lethal injection.

International business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

International business - Assignment Example This project covers all aspects of producing green cars. Starting with research, production of green cars and production of batteries the government wants to produce a network of battery charging stations throughout France. The government plans to provide 900 million Euros of the total investment announced in the form of state loans. By 2030 the green fuel car sector in France is projected to hold 27% of the market share and will be worth 15 billion Euros as per the ecology ministry projections (Boehm 2009). Thus, looking at these ambitious plans of the French government, France is the best country to collaborate with for hybrid car technology. China and France are completely opposite to each other as far as the cultural and institutional aspects are concerned. This difference is reflected in their management style also. Starting with the demographics, the population of China is more than 1.3 billion while that of France is around 63 million. Because of high population the Chinese government has made laws to restrict the growth and also generate a population which is hardworking and devoted. Thus, all people in China voluntarily seek for employment as unemployment is seen as a social stigma. In contrast to this, French people enjoy the social security provided by their government. Hence, they are more secure as far as unemployment benefits are concerned. This reflects in their way of working as they are not always driven by the need to keep their jobs. The basic difference between the two countries lies in their government set up. China is a socialist republic while France is a capitalist and democratic country. If we look at their religious and social setup, we can see that Chinese people are more religion oriented and also believe in taking care of old. Because of the vastness of population, there are many religions in China. The old generation of China is the responsibility of

African American Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

African American Music - Essay Example Could you imagine African American culture without music? This question is rather rhetorical. Floyd defined African-American music as music that emanates directly from the black experience in America, descending from the calls, cries, hollers, spirituals, ragtime, and blues of the slavery and post-slavery periods. This genre includes jazz, rhythm and blues, black gospel, and all the forms to which these genres have given birth (Floyd, 232). Interestingly, no one knows exactly when the blues or jazz music began. â€Å"When asked about the origin of blues, old-time fiddlers in New Orleans replied, the blues? Ain’t no first blues! The blues always been† (Southern, 332). Historically, through their indigenous music of their homeland, slaves brought many characteristics of blues, ragtime, and jazz music. Even though those persons could not bring their instruments and familiar possessions from their country, they did bring music in their hearts and minds. For them music serve d as a way of life in Africa, for celebrations and rituals. For work, pleasure, and freedom in America, the slaves adapted a new kind of music, developing a new culture for themselves by combining parts of the American culture with African culture. The new music of work songs, shouts, hollers, cries, and moans, evolved into the blues, happy and sad songs.

Conflict Prevention, Development, And Peace-Building Assignment

Conflict Prevention, Development, And Peace-Building - Assignment Example   In saying this, the author generalized his assertions, insinuating that all Secretary-General’s successes have been predetermined by the performance of their predecessors. Research shows that Secretary Generals, like Boutros Boutros-Ghali and Dag Hammarskjold, introduced new approaches to the UN’s operation and were largely successful in terms of changes made and the resources available to them at the time.   The author provides a comprehensive and critical examination of the issues highlighted at the beginning of the article. Although some of the claims are misplaced, there is no ambiguity in his approach to the discussion.   I have learned that peaceful settlements and conflict resolution are multidimensional concepts that require good interplay between multiple entities.   For example, from a superficial point of view, it often seems like the UN is at fault for most of the conflicts witnessed thus far. However, the author takes time to inform the reader tha t the UN is just a proxy for member states; it does what it is told, not the other way round.   People are often quick to ask, "where is the UN?" and "what is the UN doing?", when in actual sense it is the member countries that determine its course of action.   Countries that sit on the UN Security Council are especially guilty of micromanaging the organization because of their influence.   For example, in the Korean War, the United States was primarily responsible for the UN's decision to enter the conflict.

The Effects Of Globalization On Boots Economics Essay

The Effects Of Globalization On Boots Economics Essay Globalization Globalization is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. Globalization involves technological, economical and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure. Cultural aspects: People from different parts of the world come to work in an organisation. This helps to combine various ideas which in turn help to enhance the performance of work in a better way. Economic aspects: Due to globalization, the position of any organization is filled by diverse cultural workforce, due to this factor the HR gets various options for getting the work done and that to on a lower pay scale and this boost the performance of the company by getting the work done in estimated time. The expanding scale, growing magnitude, speeding up and deepening impact of transcontinental flows and patterns of social interaction (Held andMcGrew, Globalization/Anti-Globalization, p. 1) Integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, direct foreign investmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦short-term capital flows, international flows of workers and humanity generally, and flows of technologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Bhagwati, p. 3) Eras of Globalization First Era of Globalization (about 1850-1914) Interwar Period (1920-1939) Cold War Era (1945-1989) Second Era of Globalization (1989-Present) Boots UK Boots UK limited is a leading pharmaceuticals and beauty product chain in the UK. It is a member of Alliance Boots, an international pharmacy health and beauty product. Boots products are aliable in USA, Canada, Netherland, Norway, Sweden, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, UK and The Republic of Ireland. Boots globalisation The purchase of Sun Pharma an Indian third largest pharmaceuticals company, will add significance values to boots. The acquisition is consistent with Boots mergers and acquisition guidelines for revenue growth and expansion, niche, good synergies, access to new market and customer, ensuring growth potential and shareholder value adding. Others news of Boots Extension of pilots in the Netherland. No 7 pilot in Finland Increased our presence in Thailand. Example of foreign pharmaceuticals company AstraZeneca In June 2003, the Anglo-Swedish pharmaceuticals company, AstraZeneca(AZ), Research facility in Bangalore, with a focus on new treatment for tuberculosis with more than 100 scientists with other AZ RD centres, particularly those in Boston, USA and Cheshire, UK AZ CEO, Sir Tom McKIllop, explained that the decision to conduct the RD in India was because of the quality of Indian scientists. GlaxoSmithKline and Ranbaxy In October 2003, UK-headquartered pharmaceutical company, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), and Indias largest pharmaceutical company, Ranbaxy Laboratories, announced a drug discovery. Under the agreement, the two companies divide the research and development work between them. GSK has special commercialisation responsibilities worldwide, while Ranbaxy takes the lead in the huge Indian market, with GSKs consent, may co-promote in both the US and EU. Example of other pharmaceuticals globalisation company. Jubilant Organosys acquire Cadista Pharmaceuticals US company in 2005 Aurobindo Pharma acquires an manufacturing plant in Dayton, New Jersy in 2006. Dr Reddys has MHRA approved manufacturing plant in the UK Wockhardit has manufacturing plant in the UK, Ireland, and France Advantages of Pharmaceuticals Company in India Low cost manufacturing Low wages rate High quality research Manufacturing facilities Educated personal Indian huge market Benefit to Boots When Boots produce a medicine and cosmetic product in India and sell to the European country and Middle East. Due to the Brand Name of Boots and Sun Pharma Boots can sell a medicine in India and Asian country. Net profit will increased to  £ 950 million in next year which is  £ 350 million more than 2010. Production cost of Medicine in UK and India Name of medicine Production cost in UK Production cost in India Paracetamol 500 mg 10 tablet  £0.230  £0.020 Albendazole 400 mg 1tablet  £0.540  £0.025 Amoxycillin 500mg 10 capsule  £0.940  £0.390 Cipro 500 mg 10 capsule  £1.150  £0.540 Omeprazole 40 mg 10 capsule  £2.123  £0.440 Vitamin B complex 10 capsule  £0.650  £0.100 Metformin 500mg 10 tablet  £0.690  £0.110 Source: http://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com/pharmaceutical-industry/ All this above cost shows that manufacturing medicine in India is up to 5 times less than UK Reason for increased globalisation Boots has moved their business operation to foreign by going global. In order to remain competitive Boots move as fast to secure a strong position in emerging markets with different pharmaceuticals and beauty product for to customized for the need of the customer. Indian market is attracting Boots with new capital investments and very good incentivise. Some of the reasons for increased globalisation of business are: Trade barriers Customer demands Regulation and restrictions Globalisation of competitors Boots is manufacturing their products in order to avoid the burden of traffic, the policy of buy-local, quotes and other restrictions that makes exports too expensive to foreign market. They are also responding to customer demand for effective operations and product reliability also logistical operation. In compare to India European laws and regulation has many restriction which are inconvenient and expansive. Globalisation of competitors is another reason. The aggressive reasons for globalisation are: Growth opportunities Resources asses and cost saving Economic of scale Incentives Why globalisation in India? The GDP growth also shows that there is no affected in India when there is an economic crisis in the world 2008 and 2009. In 2008 USA and UK has 3.0 and 0.5 representative but India has 7.3 and when there is crises in 2009 -0.8 in USA and -4.8 in UK. The crises has not affected more India still have 5.6. The GDP growth is more in 2010 USA has growth to2.7 and UK to 1.3 but India has increased up to 7.7. This forecasts by international monetary fund shows that developing Asian countries has not affected at the time of economic crises. These GDP growths also encourage Boots to globalisation to India. Disadvantages of globalisation Guy Brainbant : The process of globalisation not only include opening up a world trade and more generally increased mobility of person, goods, capital, data and idea but also infection, diseases and population. Disadvantages of globalisation are Intense competition Exploitation of worker. Harder for small business to established themselves Gap between rich and poor countries Income generated in host countries may not be spend in same countries Conclusion There are more advantages of globalisation in developing countries India. Boots will create competitive strategy that will fulfil its corporate goals. Boots must allocate capital funds where they will be more effective and derived the highest return on our investment. Bibliography Globalisation and Poverty: Centre for International Economics, Australia. WIDER ANNUAL LECTURE 6: Winners and Losers over two centuries of Globalisation: Jeffery G. Williamson

Aristotle on Nobility and Pleasure :: essays research papers

â€Å"The lovers of what is noble find pleasant the things that are by nature pleasant; and virtuous actions are such†¦ Their life, therefore, has no further need of pleasure as a sort of adventitious charm, but has pleasure in itself.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ethics, I.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aristotle was a student under Plato, and although he did not believe in the metaphysical Forms that Plato so firmly believed in, he did apply an element of the theory behind the Forms. Instead, what Aristotle postulated was that there was some ultimate, some final goal to which we all reach, but instead of being some unattainable goal, it was very simple: happiness. Happiness manifests itself in all of our actions, whether it’s a conscious process or not, but when we are truly happy is when we do things that are virtuous and honorable. And instead of being some latent part of another goal, Aristotle stated that happiness was the goal, that there was no higher form to achieve beyond. In chapter seven of Book One, Aristotle is almost vague as he tries and defines what happiness is, and more importantly, why happiness is crucial to the human function, and in fact states that â€Å"nor should we demand to know a casual explanation in all matters alike† (1098b). Comparing it to simple truths that are a priori, like when dealing with fundamental principles, he admits that it cannot be defined so easily nor so quickly. He then struggles, in chapter eight, to define happiness. It is, according to him, a kind of â€Å"good life and well-being;† virtue precludes action as well as thought. It is also synonymous with virtue: even though virtuous acts are, in general, â€Å"not pleasant by nature †¦ men who love what is noble derive pleasure from what is naturally pleasant† (1099a). Aristotle also makes a clear separation of happiness that is god-given – makarios – and a happiness that is produced through human effort and virtue, eudaimon. But it seems as if there is an inherent flaw in his outlook for those who are not blesses with makarios and lack the means (political connections, wealth, stature, et cetera) to carry out an action that would make someone happy. In chapter ten, he even goes so far as to ask if a man could truly be called happy in his lifetime, because â€Å"many changes and all kinds of contingencies will befall a man in the course of his life.

God is responsible for everything that happens

God is responsible for everything that happens in the universe – Discuss The idea of God being responsible for everything within the universe is disputed both within religion itself and outside of religion. The Bible assures that God has onmiqualities, which suggest that nothing happens outside of Gods control. But it also states that some things happen which are not part of God's will. If God is responsible, then why do we pray if God is in control of future events or have free will? In order to disagree with this statement, it could then God must be responsible or evil.However for many Christians, this is not the case, as God is not capable of evil. In the Bible, God is considered to be eternally or perfectly good and the source of all goodness. Because of this, God is neither capable of bad or tempted by evil. Due to God being omnibenevolent and perfectly good, God cannot be responsible for any bad which happens. Many would argue that if God is omnibenevolent, he wouldn't c ause pain or suffering, because an all loving God, to cause such evil contradicts the benevolent quality of God.However, it is often said that God causes suffering, such as the death of a loved one, in order to teach humanity a lesson. In this case it might be to make the deceased's family and friend value life and encourages us to live life to its full and not take living a happy and healthy life for granted. By causing evils such as natural disasters, God could be seen to be teaching humans to care for the vulnerable. Pain and suffering makes for better people, which could be seen as God's intention. Suggesting that God is responsible for everything hich happens, even evil, as the negatives only highlight the positives.Another argument against this statement is free will, given to man by God. It's impossible for God to be responsible for everything that humans do, if they employ free will. Free will implies that people make their own decisions, as to how to act. Therefore making t hemselves responsible for their own actions, instead of God. This however only makes God not responsible for humanitys actions and not animals, as they have not been given the freedom of choice, as they don't have the ability to reason.The creation stories in Genesis could be used in order to suggest that God is responsible for all that happens. This is because God is the ultimate creator. He is described as having created every aspect of the universe, including the land and sea. With regard to humans, in Genesis 2, God bring Adam into existence by breathing into his nostrils â€Å"breathed the breath of life into his nostrils†. By depicting God as the creator of the universe and everything in it, he is therefore responsible for everything in it.Just a tailor would be responsible for anything which might happen to the suit he made, with regards to its design, God is responsible for what happens to humanity and the universe as the creator. Against the idea of God been the crea tor of everything is that there are several things in the Bible, which have seemingly not been created. For example the darkness, which was chaos before the beginning of time. So to presume that God created everything, could be viewed as somewhat contradictory.The Devil is nother example ot something in the Bible which was not created. Theretore, it did not create everything, God cannot be responsible for everything that happens. In conclusion, for many Christians, it is reassuring to know that everything which has happened, has happened in God's will. And that therefore there's a reason for both good and bad to occur. But for others in disagreement, the argument of pain and suffering is one of the strongest in suggesting that God is not responsible for all that happens.

Credit Agricole and BP

PARIS (AFP) – French bank Credit Agricole, one of the biggest European banks by capitalisation, reported a doubling of net profit to 1. 0 billion euros ($1. 42 billion) in the first quarter, on Friday. The price of shares in the bank showed a gain of 1. 40 percent to 11. 23 euros in a market up 0. 57 percent overall. The outcome, marking an increase of 112 percent from the result 12 months ago, was in line with average estimates of analysts as polled by Dow Jones Newswires. At CM-CIC Securities, analyst Pierre Chedeville commented: â€Å"The group is showing its main characteristics again: operating efficiency and an excellent control of charges, very cautious policy for provisioning, and financing and investment activities steady. † Bank chief executive Jean-Paul Chifflet said that Credit Agricole's direct exposure to Greek debt was 631 million euros at the end of March. Credit Agricole is one of the few foreign banks to control a Greek bank, in the form of Emporiki bank. Company History: France's â€Å"green bank† was nicknamed for its roots in agriculture. Credit Agricole, composed of the Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole and 90 regional banks, which together own 90% of the Caisse Nationale, is a unique cooperative organization and one of the most important banking groups in France. In the mid-1800s, it became clear that there was a need for agricultural credit in France, especially after a crop failure in 1856, which left rural areas in dire straits. One of the main causes of low production was a lack of sufficient credit for farmers, who often could not meet banks' normal credit requirements. In 1861, the government attempted to remedy this problem, asking Credit Foncier to establish a department expressly for agriculture. But the newly formed Societe de Credit Agricole accomplished little. By 1866, though some steps towards improvement had been suggested, the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War prevented their implementation. The society folded in 1876. Later, several financial cooperatives sprang up independently among farmers, operating in rural towns on a system of mutual credit. In 1885, the first society for agricultural credit was founded at Salins-les-Bains in the Jura; the maximum amount of credit a farmer could get was FFr500, the price of a yoke of oxen. By the end of the century, when talk of modernizing France's agricultural economy became more urgent, it was decided that this system of localized credit was more suitable for the rural population than credit emanating from a big central bank. In 1894, the Chamber of Deputies proposed a law to organize personal or short-term rural credit, based on the methods of the small credit societies already in existence. The law formalized the requirements for the societies' formation, made them exempt from taxes, and gave them a monopoly on state-subsidized loans to farmers. In 1897, the Bank of France made funds available to the banks through the minister of agriculture, and in 1899, a law was passed to create regional banks to act as intermediaries between the local societies and the minister of agriculture. The local cooperatives were self-governing societies with limited liability. Their members were mostly individual farmers. Each local cooperative was affiliated with a regional bank, where it transferred all deposits and obtained funds for loans. The local banks elected a committee to control the regional banks, which were mainly responsible for medium- and long-term loans. Thus, the hierarchy of Credit Agricole was established. One of the reasons Credit Agricole was so successful was its reliance on individual farmers. In the mid-1800s most of France's agricultural produce came from small farms rather than large estates, and the French government wanted to preserve the small family farm for several social and economic reasons. For instance, it was widely believed that small farmers cultivated the soil most intensively and so made better use of it. It was also thought to be better to have many small family farms than to create a â€Å"proletariat† to work on large farms. Nevertheless, France's agricultural methods were in need of modernization, and Credit Agricole helped small farmers buy new equipment and supplies to improve production. In 1910, a law established long-term personal credit for the purchase of land to encourage young men to farm. Only small holdings could acquire these loans, which could not exceed $1,600, and only young farmers were eligible; their characters were the basis for their credit. When World War I broke out in 1914, the European banking system was under severe duress due to difficulties with the gold exchange. However, gold was still in circulation in France and the Bank of France was able to increase its issue of notes, restoring some financial order. Throughout the war, agricultural production was at a minimum, and Credit Agricole, still a young institution, was able to survive only through continued support from the government. Agricultural output did not regain its prewar level until 1930. In 1920, a law was passed to organize the office National du Credit Agricole, a national society run by civil servants and the elected representatives of the regional banks but controlled by the government–the minister of agriculture would name its director. Office National du Credit Agricole also became responsible for the distribution of treasury loan funds and for rediscounting the short-term loans of local and regional societies. In 1926, the name was changed to Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole (CNCA). As Credit Agricole grew in resources and capacity, it began to help not only individual farmers but also the cooperative trade movement gaining ground among agricultural groups. These new agricultural cooperatives, which organized industries in a way similar to unions, could often not raise the money to organize, and they needed Credit Agricole's support. In turn, the cooperatives helped France's recovery after the war. World War II hurt agriculture less than the first war had, and after the war, there was a period of rapid growth, spurred on by Credit Agricole's loans. Between 1941 and 1945, under the Vichy government, a Bank Control Commission was established and attempts were made to prevent the creation of new banks or branches. After 1945, however, the Bank of France and the other main banks were nationalized. A hierarchy was born, with the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of France at the top, giving the government the ability to sway the distribution of credit. In this sense, it won even more power to help further Credit Agricole. After the war, agriculture underwent a massive modernization plan. Credit Agricole played a major part by supplying capital for fertilizer, equipment, electrification, and improved water supplies. Since agricultural credit was subsidized by the government, and due to the quality of Credit Agricole's decentralized commercial network, agricultural institutions had the most rapid expansion rate of all the banks. Between 1938 and 1946, the capital funds of the regional societies increased from FFr1. billion to FFr28 billion. Credit Agricole extended its medium- and long-term loan operations and the government established special loans for farm equipment, causing a big increase in the number of farmers driving tractors. Financing for small farms continued; as late as 1958, cooperatives were favored over large farms. But France's farm productivity was below that of most other European countries, and some blamed the low productivity partially on the credit advantages given to small farms, which kept competition at bay. Earnings did not improve and the industry remained dependent on loans. About this time, the government began to apply stringent lending ceilings to the whole financial system to restrain the money supply and hold down inflation. This led many banks to diversify into overseas business and the Eurodollar market. A boom in French exports also created a demand for French banking expertise in the export markets. Credit Agricole, however, held back at first from international expansion, while growing rapidly with the French economy. In 1966, the state decided to allow Credit Agricole to widen its operations to become more flexible than a bank strictly for farmers. Under the new reform, Credit Agricole was allowed to make loans to individuals and organizations not specifically connected with agriculture. It was also allowed to create subsidiaries. One of the most important subsidiaries it created was the Union d'Etudes et d'Investissements, which used its resources to finance individual investments. In 1967, the government announced that all resources collected by Credit Agricole's regional and local banks, previously deposited in the French Treasury, would now be deposited with the Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole. In 1971, the Union d'Etudes et d'Investissements, with an eye on important developments in the food processing business, created another subsidiary, L'Union pour le Developpement Regional, which was mainly to provide loans to agricultural and food processing industries or other similar operations in regions where they would create jobs. In July of the next year, the minister of finance, Giscard d'Estaing, warned Credit Agricole about its diversification, pointing out that its purpose must stay mainly agricultural and its activities balance financial and social profit, a recurring political theme in Credit Agricole's development. Other large banks complained about Credit Agricole's monopoly on farm credit and its tax-free status, which had allowed it to grow into one of the largest banks in France, while those concerned about farm aid worried that the bank's purpose would be diffused. Critics blamed Credit Agricole's expansion on the other banks' inertia and politicians' reluctance to attack Credit Agricole for fear of losing the support of farmers. By 1975, Credit Agricole had begun its international activities, focusing mainly on foreign agricultural loans and export companies. In 1977, when the U. S. dollar was low, Credit Agricole ranked briefly as the biggest bank in the world. In 1978, Credit Agricole's profit of FFr400 million was more than the other three main French banks combined. The bank had begun to finance housing (it is now the leading mortgage lender in France), silo construction, and exports, and had also become a money market lender. After other French banks campaigned for several months against Credit Agricole's advantages, the government finally curtailed those privileges. Credit Agricole's surpluses began to be taxed as profits, and for three years, the bank was prohibited from opening new branches in towns where it had no official purpose and competed unfairly with other banks. The compensation the government offered may have added more to Credit Agricole's growth than the privileges that were taken away. Before the new rules, the bank could only make direct loans in communities of 7,500 people or fewer, but under the new restrictions that limit was extended to 12,000. Credit Agricole continued to push forward with international expansion. In 1979, it opened its first international branch, in Chicago; London soon followed, and a New York City branch opened in 1984. By then, Credit Agricole was also extremely active in funding development in rural areas for roads, telephones, and airports, and the government was encouraging the bank to help out small industry. By 1981. Credit Agricole had several strong subsidiaries: Segespar, which headed the investment-and-deposit service group; Voyage Conseil, a French travel agency; Eurocard France, a payment-card company; Soravie, an insurance company for sales in local branches; Unimat (now Ucabail) and Unicomi, which financed equipment and industrial and commercial building; Unicredit, which provided loans for businesses; and Union d'Etudes et d'Investissements, now heavily involved with rural development. In January, 1981, Credit Agricole's charter was changed again to allow the bank to provide loans to companies with fewer than 100 employees, whether or not they were connected with agriculture. The government also eased its credit limits for farmers and stockbreeders, and Credit Agricole was no longer limited to lending in towns with fewer than 12,000 inhabitants. However, this wider range was balanced by new limits. Credit Agricole's tax bill was put in line with those of other corporations, at 50% of its profits. In addition, some of the bank's earlier surplus earnings had to be channeled back into the government's loan subsidies. In May, 1981, the Socialists won the national election. Soon all major French banks that weren't already nationalized became state controlled, and over the next few years, the government imposed a domestic policy of economic austerity in an attempt to reduce inflation, renew industry, and balance its foreign trade account. The next year, Credit Agricole's foreign assets rose by almost 60%. By 1982, only one-third of its funds went to agriculture. Credit Agricole had already acquired significant experience in the euroloan market, and at the beginning of 1983, it ranked among the most prominent banks in Europe in this area. By 1984, Credit Agricole had opened foreign branches in North America, Europe, Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East. Some Credit Agricole members were upset by the bank's strengthening international force. In 1984 an official of a farmer's union told Business Week that â€Å"given the dramatic situation of hundreds of thousands of farmers, Credit Agricole has better things to do in France. † Nonetheless, Credit Agricole management insisted that international business could only strengthen the company's ability to help farmers in France. In 1985, Credit Agricole established a subsidiary called Predica to enter the life insurance market. Capitalizing on Credit Agricole's extensive branch network, Predica had become the second-largest life insurer in France by 1988. As the French economy improved, the government began to ease regulations and remove limitations on capital markets. In 1986, a new conservative government came into power, and several Socialist officials were replaced almost immediately, including Jean Paul Huchon, Credit Agricole's general director. A plan to remove CNCA from state control had been brewing for some time; many other banks were in the process of becoming denationalized. Huchon had opposed this plan for Credit Agricole vehemently enough to cause his dismissal. His successor was Bernard Auberger, a former director of Societe Generale with ties to the Gaullist Party, which had campaigned to rid CNCA of state control. The new government also created easier bourse membership rules that allowed outside interests to buy into investment brokers. Following the trend of many banks after this deregulation, in 1988 Credit Agricole purchased controlling stakes in two Paris stockbrokers, Bertrand Michel and Yves Soulie. Finally, in 1987, the government began to take steps towards freeing CNCA from state control. On February 1, 1988, the state sold 90% of CNCA's common stock to its regional banks and the company was incorporated with FFr4. 5 billion in capital stock. Most of the rest of its stock went to employees, and the government holds a small stake. Soon after the mutualization, the newly private Credit Agricole began merging the Caisses Regionales to eliminate redundancies. By January, 1990 the number of district banks had been reduced from 94 to 90 and this number is expected to shrink substantially before the rationalization is over. The transition to private ownership was not completely smooth, though. A boardroom struggle in 1988 led to the exit of Bernard Auberger. Philippe Jaffre, who was the finance ministry's representative on CNCA's board of directors, was Auberger's surprise replacement. In 1989 Credit Agricole ceased to have a monopoly on the shrinking number of subsidized loans to farmers. In losing this monopoly, Credit Agricole lost an important, captive customer group. The bank should be able to compensate for this loss, however, with the new business it expects to pick up as a result of the lifting of restrictions on its business. When Credit Agricole lost its monopoly on subsidized farm loans, it was also freed of the unusual government restrictions on its business. Now Credit Agricole operates in much the same way as any other French bank, and it expects its business to improve rather than suffer as a result of this status. Under Jaffre, Credit Agricole, like all European enterprises, faces the challenges that the 1992 unification of the European Economic Community will bring. The bank has already made a successful transition from a purely agricultural bank into a full-service bank. Privatization should give Credit Agricole the freedom and flexibility it will need to face these challenges, but it will have to struggle with its slightly awkward structure–the 90 regional banks that control parent CNCA diffuse central decision-making power–and tackle operating costs that are much higher than its competitors'. If it can surmount those obstacles and capitalize on its tremendous domestic branch network, Credit Agricole will be an even more formidable European competitor than it already is. Principal Subsidiaries: Union d'Etudes et d'Investissements; Unicredit (98. %); Sopagri (52. 8%); Unimmo France (99. 6%); Unidev; Sofipar (52. 6%); Ucabail; Segespar; Segespar-Titres (50%); Predica (48%); Unibanque; Sogequip; Cedicam (50%). Source: International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 2. St. James Press, 1990. Credit Agricole in management reshuffle Kit Chellel 01 Dec 2010 The chief executive of Credit Agricole corporate and investment bank has been repla ced after two years in the job as part of sweeping management changes across the French bank under the direction of new group chief executive Jean-Paul Chifflet. Patrick Valroff, aged 62, will stand down to make way for Jean-Yves Hocher, who will also continue in his current role as deputy chief executive of the group. The board of Credit Agricole held a meetings on yesterday and today before announcing a series of management changes. Jean-Paul Chifflet was appointed chief executive in March and has indicated that he intends to overhaul the group’s strategy. The new 10-year strategic plan will be released later this month. Within Credit Agricole's corporate and investment banking unit, a new xecutive structure sees deputy chief executive Pierre Cambefort taking over responsibility for coverage, investment and corporate banking and the international network, while head of risk Francis Canterini has been appointed deputy chief executive in charge of support functions. Elsewhere, Alain Massiera, the deputy chief executive of Credit Agricole CIB has been appointed as head of the private banking business. It is understood that Valroff was b rought in at the height of the financial crisis refocus the business, a role which he has completed successfully following three successive quarters of profits. A spokesperson confirmed he would remain at the bank in another capacity. In August, Credit Agricole recorded an 89% rise in profits to â‚ ¬379m following strong performance in its corporate and insurance divisions. Other management changes unveiled today include the appointments of Yves Nanquette as chief executive of Credit Agricole LCL (retail) replacing Christian Duvillet, and Jerome Grivet as chief executive of the bank’s assurance arm replacing Bernard Michel. Thierry Langreney took over as chief executive of the Pacifica insurance division from Patrick Duplan. All three outgoing chief executives have retired.